Anatomical Communication

Question 1

What are the regions of the body?

Answer 1

Head, neck, thorax, abdomen, upper limb, lower limb, pelvis & perineum, back

Question 2

What is the anatomical name for the armpit?

Answer 2

Axilla

Question 3

What is the anatomical name for the area which joins the lower limb to the trunk?

Answer 3

Inguinal region

Question 4

Which anatomical regions make up the trunk?

Answer 4

Abdomen, thorax, back, pelvis & perineum

Question 5

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 5

Standing
Facing anteriorly
Face and eyes looking anteriorly
Upper limbs by the sides
Palms of hands facing anteriorly
Feet together
Toes pointing anteriorly
Penis erect

Question 6

Why is the anatomical position important?

Answer 6

Standardises the position you talk about structures in

Question 7

What are the three anatomical planes (disregarding oblique sections?)

Answer 7

Sagittal, coronal, axial (transverse)

Question 8

What does the sagittal plane split the body into?

Answer 8

Left and right

Question 9

What does the coronal plane split the body into?

Answer 9

Anterior and posterior

Question 10

What does the axial (transverse) plane split the body into?

Answer 10

Superior and inferior

Question 11

What is an oblique section?

Answer 11

A section taken at an angle - neither a sagittal, coronal, nor axial (transverse) section

Question 12

Why are the three plane types important?

Answer 12

Imaging types are divided into these planes

Question 13

Where can the median sagittal plane be found?

Answer 13

Directly down the midline of the body

Question 14

Is anatomical ‘left’ and ‘right’ from the observer’s or patient’s perspective?

Answer 14

Patient’s

Question 15

What does ‘anterior’ mean?

Answer 15

Towards the front of the body

Question 16

What does ‘posterior’ mean?

Answer 16

Towards the back of the body

Question 17

What is something referred to if it is in between anterior and posterior?

Answer 17

‘In the middle’

Question 18

What does ‘superior’ mean?

Answer 18

Towards the top of the body

Question 19

What does ‘inferior’ mean?

Answer 19

Towards the bottom of the body

Question 20

What are the alternative terms for superior and inferior and what do they mean?

Answer 20

Cranial/rostral - superior, caudal - inferior

Question 21

When are cranial/rostral/caudal used as opposed to sueprior/inferior?

Answer 21

Neurology and embryology

Question 22

What does ‘medial’ mean?

Answer 22

Towards the midline/median plane of the body

Question 23

What does ‘lateral’ mean?

Answer 23

Away from the midline/median plane of the body

Question 24

What does ‘proximal’ mean?

Answer 24

Towards the attachment of the limb to the trunk OR closer to where the structure originates (if not used for limbs)

Question 25

What does ‘distal’ mean?

Answer 25

Further from the attachment of the limb to the trunk OR closer to where the structure terminates (if not used for limbs)

Question 26

What does ‘superficial’ mean?

Answer 26

Closer to the body surface

Question 27

What does ‘deep’ mean?

Answer 27

Further away from the body surface

Question 28

What does ‘internal’ mean?

Answer 28

Nearer to the centre of the body

Question 29

What does ‘external’ mean?

Answer 29

Further from the centre of the body

Question 30

What does ‘major’ mean?

Answer 30

A relatively larger structure with the same name as another, smaller, structure

Question 31

What does ‘minor’ mean?

Answer 31

A relatively smaller structure with the same name as another, larger, structure

Question 32

What does ‘dorsal’ mean?

Answer 32

The posterior surface of the wrist and hand The superior surface of the tongue and foot

Question 33

What are the four opposites to ‘dorsal’ and what do they refer to?

Answer 33

Volar: Anterior surface of wrist Palmar: Anterior surface of hand Ventral: Inferior surface of tongue Plantar: Inferior surface of foot

Question 34

What does ‘unilateral’ mean?

Answer 34

Only found on one side of the body (eg. gallbladder)

Question 35

What does ‘bilateral’ mean?

Answer 35

Found on both sides of the body (eg. lungs)

Question 36

What does ‘midline’ mean?

Answer 36

Found on/near the midline/median plane (eg. brain)

Question 37

What does ‘ipsilateral’ mean?

Answer 37

On the same side

Question 38

What does ‘contralateral’ mean?

Answer 38

On the opposite side

Question 39

What does ‘anterolateral’ mean?

Answer 39

Forwards and outwards

Question 40

What does ‘inferomedial’ mean?

Answer 40

Downwards and inwards

Question 41

What does ‘anterosuperior’ mean?

Answer 41

Forwards and upwards

Question 42

What does ‘superolateral’ mean?

Answer 42

Upwards and outwards

Question 43

What does ‘flexion’ mean?

Answer 43

Decreasing the angle at a joint

Question 44

What does ‘extension’ mean?

Answer 44

Increasing the angle at a joint

Question 45

Are all anterior movements superior to the knee joint flexions or extensions? (Neck, back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, finger, hip)

Answer 45

Flexions

Question 46

Are all anterior movements inferior to the knee joint flexions or extensions? (Knee, ankle, toes)

Answer 46

Extensions

Question 47

What does ‘abduction’ mean?

Answer 47

Movement away from the median plane

Question 48

What does ‘adduction’ mean?

Answer 48

Movement towards the median plane

Question 49

What does ‘internal/medial rotation’ mean?

Answer 49

Rotating the anterior surface of a limb towards the median plane

Question 50

What does ‘external/lateral rotation’ mean?

Answer 50

Rotating the anterior surface of a limb away from the median plane

Question 51

What is ‘circumduction’?

Answer 51

Circular motion at a joint

Question 52

What is ‘inversion’?

Answer 52

Sole of the foot rotates towards the median plane so the sole faces medially

Question 53

What is ‘eversion’?

Answer 53

Sole of the foot rotates away from the median plane so the sole faces laterally

Question 54

What is ‘dorsiflexion’?

Answer 54

Upward flexion of the foot

Question 55

What is ‘plantarflexion’?

Answer 55

Dowanward flexion of the foot

Question 56

What is ‘pronation’?

Answer 56

Anterior surface of the forearm rotates such that the palm faces posteriorly

Question 57

What is ‘supination’?

Answer 57

Anterior surface of the forearm rotates such that the palm rotates back into the anatomical position