Anatomical Terminology and Homeostasis & Cell (LECTURE #1) Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
the study of structure and form
A
Anatomy
2
Q
the study of the function of body parts and how they work
A
Physiology
3
Q
the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body
broken down into 2 groups
A
Metabolism
4
Q
when large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
A
Catabolism
5
Q
small molecules come together to form larger molecules
A
Anabolism
6
Q
What are the 6 Levels of Organization from smallest to largest?
A
1. Chemical (atomic or molecular)
#2. Cellular
#3. Tissue
#4. Organ
#5. Organ System
#6. Organism
7
Q
groups of similar cells that perform common functions
there are 4 main types
A
Tissues
8
Q
covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
A
Epithelium Tissue
9
Q
protects, supports, and binds structures and organs
A
Connective Tissue
10
Q
produces movement
A
Muscle Tissue
11
Q
conducts nerve impulses for communication
A
Nervous Tissue
12
Q
structures composed of 2 or more tissue types (ex. heart, liver, bones, brain)
A
Organs
13
Q
consists of related organs with a common function
***there are 11 of these in the human body:
1) Integumentary (skin, hair, nails)
2) Skeletal (bones and joints)
3) Muscular (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac)
4) Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs)
5) Endocrine (hormone producing cells and glands)
6) Cardiovascular (heart, blood, and blood vessels)
7) Lymphatic (lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes)
8) Respiratory (airways, trachea, bronchi, and lungs)
9) Digestive (esophagus, stomach, and intestines)
10) Urinary (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra)
11) Reproductive (ovaries, vagina, and uterus in women - testes and penis in men)
A
Organ System
14
Q
a collective of organ systems
A
Organisms
15
Q
subject stands erect, facing the observer with the head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the arms at their sides with their palms facing forward
A
Anatomical Position
16
Q
lying face down
A
Prone
17
Q
lying face up
A
Supine
18
Q
- above
- top
- toward/closer to the head
ex. the chest is _______ to the pelvis
A
Superior
19
Q
- below
- bottom
- away from the head
- closer to the feet
ex. the stomach is _______ to the heart
A
Inferior
20
Q
towards the head end
ex. the shoulders are _______ to the feet
A
Cranial (Cephalic)
21
Q
towards the rear or tail end
ex. the buttocks are _______ to the head
A
Caudal
22
Q
towards the nose or mouth
ex. the frontal lobe of the brain is _______ to the back of the head
A
Rostral
23
Q
towards the front - at the belly side of the human body
A
Anterior (Ventral)
24
Q
The stomach is __(1)__ to the spinal cord.
The umbilicus is on the __(2)__ side of the body.
A
(1) = anterior
(2) = ventral
25
towards the back - at the back side of the human body
Posterior (Dorsal)
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The heart is __(1)__ to the sternum.
The spinal cord is on the __(2)__ side of the body.
(1) = posterior
(2) = dorsal
27
towards the midline
ex. the lungs are _______ to the shoulders
Medial
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away from the midline
ex. the arms are _______ to the heart
Lateral
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between medial and lateral
Intermediate
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on the same side
ex. the right arm is _______ to the right leg
Ipsilateral
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on the opposite side
ex. the right arm is _______ to the left leg
Contralateral
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- towards the surface of the body
- closer to the outside, external to another structure
ex. the skin is _______ to the biceps brachi
Superficial
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- towards the core of the body
- closer to the inside, internal to another structure
ex. the heart is _______ to the rib cage
Deep
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closer to the origin of a limb
ex. the elbow is _______ to the hand
Proximal
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farther away from the origin of a limb
ex. the wrist is _______ to the elbow
Distal
36
What are the 4 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the front (belly side) and the back side of the body?
#1. Anterior
#2. Posterior
#3. Ventral
#4. Dorsal
37
What are the 6 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the midline or center of the body?
#1. Medial
#2. Lateral
#3. Ipsilateral
#4. Contralateral
#5. Deep
#6. Superficial
38
What are the 5 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the head or bottom of the body?
#1. Superior
#2. Inferior
#3. Cranial (Cephalic)
#4. Caudal
#5. Rostral
39
What are the 2 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the attachment of appendage?
#1. Proximal
#2. Distal
40
a vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
ex. a _______ plane through the head will split it into a left half and a right half (each side containing one eye, one ear, and half of the nose and mouth)
Midsagittal/Median Plane
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divides a structure into left and right portions that are NOT equal (parallel to either the left side or right side of the midsagittal plane)
Sagittal/Parasagittal Plane
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How many midsagittal planes are there?
How many sagittal planes are there?
Midsagittal = 1
Sagittal = INFINITE
43
divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts
Transverse/Cross-Sectional/Horizontal Plane
44
If a transverse plane is taken through the middle of the trunk, the __(1)__ portion contains the chest, and the __(2)__ portion contains the abdomen.
(1) = superior
(2) = inferior
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a vertical plane that divides the organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Coronal/Frontal Plane
46
When a coronal or frontal plane is taken through the trunk, the anterior portion contains the __(1)__, and the posterior portions contains the __(2)__ and __(3)__.
(1) = chest
(2) = back
(3) = buttocks
47
numerous minor planes that pass through a structure at an angle
Oblique Planes
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the _______ cavity is divided into 2 groups:
#1. Thoracic Cavity
#2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Anterior (Ventral) Cavity
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the _______ cavity is divided into 2 groups:
#1. Cranial Cavity
#2. Vertebral Canal
Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity
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contains the brain
Cranial Cavity
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- formed by the vertebral column
- contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Vertebral Canal
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larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body
Ventral Cavity
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the __(1)__ divides the Ventral Cavity into a superior __(2)__ cavity and an inferior __(3)__ cavity
(1) = Thoracic Diaphragm
(2) = thoracic
(3) = abdominopelvic
54
the _______ Cavity is divided into 3 categories:
#1. Mediastinum
#2. Pleural cavity
#3. Pericardial cavity
Thoracic Cavity
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Within the Thoracic Cavity, the median space between the lungs is called the _______. it contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.
Mediastinum
56
Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called the serous __(1)__.
- the __(2)__ is the outer layer of the serous membrane and forms the inner lining of the sac around the heart
- the __(3)__ covers the heart's external surface
(1) = pericardium
(2) = parietal pericardium
(3) = visceral pericardium
57
The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs, which are associated with a two-layered serous membrane called the, __(1)__.
- the __(2)__ is the outer layer of the serous membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
- the __(3)__ is the inner layer which covers the external surface of each lung
(1) = pleura
(2) = parietal pleura
(3) = visceral pleura
58
the _______ Cavity is divided into 2 categories:
#1. Abdominal
#2. Pelvic
Abdominopelvic Cavity
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- superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones
- contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
- serous membrane is peritoneum
Abdominal Cavity
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- inferior to the pelvic bone
- contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Pelvic Cavity
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The __(1)__ is the two-layered serous membrane associated with the abdominopelvic cavity.
- __(2)__ = the outer layer that lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
- __(3)__ = the inner layer that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs
(1) = peritoneum
(2) = parietal peritoneum
(3) = visceral peritoneum
62
What are the 4 different Abdominopelvic Quadrants?
#1. Left Upper Quadrant
#2. Right Upper Quadrant
#3. Left Lower Quadrant
#4. Right Lower Quadrant
63
The Abdominopelvic Region is divided into 9 groups:
#1. Right __(1)__
#2. __(2)__
#3. Left __(3)__
#4. Right__(4)__
#5. __(5)__
#6. Left __(6)__
#7. Right __(7)__
#8. __(8)__
#9. Left __(9)__
(1) = Hypochondriac
(2) = Epigastric
(3) = Hypochondriac
(4) = Lumbar
(5) = Umbilical
(6) = Lumbar
(7) = Iliac
(8) = Hypogastric
(9) = Iliac
64
the middle region named after the umbilicus, or navel (belly button), that lies in its center
Umbilical Region
65
superior to the umbilical region
Epigastric Region
66
lies inferior to the umbilical region
Hypogastric Region
67
regions that are inferior to the cartilages (cartilage attached to the ribs), and lateral in the epigastric region
Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
68
regions that are lateral to the umbilical region
Right and Left Lumbar Regions
69
regions that are lateral to the hypogastric region
Right and Left Iliac Regions
70
the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or "steady state", in response to changing internal or external conditions
Homeostasis
71
There are 2 types of _______:
#1. Positive
#2. Negative
Feedback Systems
72
What are the 4 key components of a Homeostasis Control Mechanism?
#1. Stimulus
#2. Receptor
#3. Control Center
#4. Effector
73
changes in a variable that is regulated
ex. temperature, stretch in muscle
Stimulus
74
structure that detects the stimulus
ex. sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in the muscles
Receptor
75
If the receptor and control center are separate structures, the receptor sends _______ information to the control center.
input
76
structure (usually the brain or endocrine gland) that integrates input and the initiates change through the effector(s)
Control Center
77
The control center sends _______ information to the effector(s).
output
78
a structure (ex. muscle, or gland) that brings about a change to the stimulus
Effector
79
If a homeostatic system is controlled by a _______, the stimulus here is reinforced to continue in the SAME direction until a climatic event occurs.
Positive Feedback System
80
If a homeostatic system is controlled by _______, the resulting action will always be in the OPPOSITE direction of the stimulus.
Negative Feedback System
81
Childbirth or breastfeeding are examples of a _______ feedback system.
positive
82
Body temperature is an example of a _______ feedback system.
negative
83
C E P H A L I C (head) Cavity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (forehead)
__(2)__ (eye)
__(3)__ (nose)
__(4)__ (cheek)
__(5)__ (mouth)
__(6)__ (chin)
(1) = Frontal
(2) = Orbital
(3) = Nasal
(4) = Buccal
(5) = Oral
(6) = Mental
84
C E P H A L I C (head) Cavity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (surrounding the brain)
__(2)__ (back of the head)
__(3)__ (ear)
(1) = Cranial
(2) = Occipital
(3) = Auricular
85
the neck region
(same view regardless whether you look at it from an anterior or posterior angle)
Cervical Cavity
86
T H O R A C I C Cavity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (armpit)
__(2)__ (breast)
__(3)__ (chest)
__(4)__ (sternum)
(1) = Axillary
(2) = Mammary
(3) = Pectoral
(4) = Sternal
87
T H O R A C I C Cavity {POSTERIOR view}:
_______ (spinal column)
Vertebral
88
U P P E R Extremity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (shoulder)
__(2)__ (arm)
__(3)__ (front of elbow)
__(4)__ (forearm)
__(5)__ (wrist)
__(6)__ (palm)
__(7)__ (finger)
(1) = Deltoid
(2) = Brachial
(3) = Antecubital
(4) = Antebrachial
(5) = Carpal
(6) = Palmar
(7) = Digital
89
U P P E R Extremity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (shoulder)
__(2)__ (arm)
__(3)__ (elbow)
__(4)__ (forearm)
__(5)__ (wrist)
__(6)__ of the hand
__(7)__ (hand)
(1) = Deltoid
(2) = Brachial
(3) = Olecranal
(4) = Antebrachial
(5) = Carpal
(6) = Dorsum
(7) = Manus
90
A B D O M I N A L (abdomen) Cavity {ANTERIOR view}:
_______
Abdomen
91
A B D O M I N A L (abdomen) Cavity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (lower back)
__(2)__
__(3)__ (buttocks)
__(4)__
(1) = Lumbar
(2) = Sacral
(3) = Gluteal
(4) = Perineal
92
P E L V I C Region {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (hip)
__(2)__ (groin)
(1) = Coxal
(2) = Inguinal
93
L O W E R Extremity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (thigh)
__(2)__ (kneecap)
__(3)__ (leg)
__(4)__ (ankle)
SUB-REGION = __(5)__ (foot)
__(6)__ of the foot
__(7)__ (toe)
(1) = Femoral
(2) = Patellar
(3) = Crural
(4) = Tarsal
(5) = Pes
(6) = Dorsum
(7) = Digital
94
L O W E R Extremity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (thigh)
__(2)__ (posterior of knee)
__(3)__ (leg)
__(4)__ (calf)
__(5)__ (heel)
__(6)__ (sole)
(1) = Femoral
(2) = Popliteal
(3) = Crural
(4) = Sural
(5) = Calcaneal
(6) = Plantar Surface
95
Q#1. Is the pubic superior or inferior to the abdomen?
Q#2. From which view can one see the pubic region - anterior or posterior?
A#1. inferior
A#2. anterior
96
_______ contains the following:
- Cytoskeleton
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
97
C Y T O P L A S M:
all __(1)__ contents found between the __(2)__ and the __(3)__ (includes, cytosol, organelles, and inclusions)
(1) = cellular
(2) = plasma membrane
(3) = nucleus
98
organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubules that provide organization, support, and movement of the cell
Cytoskeleton
99
extensions of plasma membrane supported by microtubules that move materials past the cell
Cilia
100
whiplike locomotory extension of the plasma membrane (this is what allows a sperm cell to move)
Flagella/Flagellum
101
- organelles composed of proteins and rRNA
- where protein synthesis takes place
Ribosomes
102
- an organelle composed of an extensive network of connected membranes
- involved in the synthesis, transport, and storage of macromolecules
- involved in the detoxification of drugs
- can be smooth or rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum
103
__(1)__ = endoplasmic reticulum WITH ribosomes attached
__(2)__ = endoplasmic reticulum WITHOUT ribosomes attached
(1) = Rough ER
(2) = Smooth ER
104
a series of saclike membranes that act as a center/warehouse that packages, sorts, and modifies molecules arriving from the endoplasmic reticulum in a transport vesicle
Golgi Apparatus
105
organelles containing digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
106
small, membrane-enclosed, spherical sacs that contain over 50 different enzymes that vary by cell type
Peroxisomes
107
organelles associated with production of ATP during aerobic cellular respiration
Mitochondria
108
- a cellular structure that houses DNA
- a group of cell bodies in the central nervous system
Nucleus
