Anatomical terms

Question 1

Anatomical position

Answer 1

1. Standing Erect
2. Arms by side
3. Palms facing forward
4. Feet flat on floor

Question 2

Superior

Answer 2

Toward the head or upper part of a structure (cranial rostral, cephalic)

Question 3

Inferior

Answer 3

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure (caudal)

Question 4

Anterior

Answer 4

Nearer to or at the front of the body (ventral)

Question 5

Supine

Answer 5

Body or structure lies anterior side up

Question 6

Prone

Answer 6

Body or structure lies anterior side down

Question 7

Pronation

Answer 7

Palm or sole facing posteriorly. Radius rotates around the ulna to bring the palm facing down

Question 8

Supination

Answer 8

Palm or sole facing anteriorly. Radius rotates around ulna to bring palm facing upwards

Question 9

Posterior

Answer 9

Nearer to or at the back of the body (dorsal)

Question 10

Medial

Answer 10

Nearer to the midline of the body or structure

Question 11

Midline

Answer 11

Imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides

Question 12

Lateral

Answer 12

Farther from the midline of the body or structure

Question 13

Intermediate

Answer 13

Between two structures

Question 14

Proximal

Answer 14

Nearer to the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure nearer to the point of origin

Question 15

Distal

Answer 15

Father from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure further from the point of origin

Question 16

Superficial

Answer 16

Toward or on the surface of the body

Question 17

Deep

Answer 17

Away from the surface of the body

Question 18

Sagittal plane

Answer 18

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

Question 19

Midsagittal plane

Answer 19

Vertical plane that passes through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves

Question 20

Parasagittal plane

Answer 20

Vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left halves

Question 21

Coronal (frontal) plane

Answer 21

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Question 22

Horizontal (transverse) plane

Answer 22

Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Question 23

Abduction

Answer 23

Movement away from the axis or midline of the body, or one of its parts

Question 24

Adduction

Answer 24

Movement toward the axis or midline of the body, or one of its parts

Question 25

Flexion

Answer 25

Folding movement where there is a decrease in the angle between two bones

Question 26

Extension

Answer 26

Increase in the angle between two bones; restoring a body part to its anatomical position after flexion

Question 27

Rotation

Answer 27

Movement around a vertical axis (movements of pronation/supination of the forearm)

Question 28

Plantarflexion

Answer 28

Movement of the foot at the ankle-joint extension

Question 29

Dorsiflexion

Answer 29

Movement of the foot at the ankle-joint flexion

Question 30

Inversion

Answer 30

Turning the foot so the sole faces inward or medially

Question 31

Eversion

Answer 31

Turning the foot so the sole faces outward or laterally

Question 32

Conventional radiography

Answer 32

1. directing x-ray, detecting radiation | 2. ability of substance to absorb and scatter x-rays varies with density

Question 33

Characteristics of conventional radiography

Answer 33

1. Air filled structures are radiolucent 2. Body fluids and tissues have similar density with fat, slightly more lucent. 3. Bone is radio-opaque 4. Denser the tissue, the lighter the image on the monitor

Question 34

Image directions of conventional radiography

Answer 34

1. Posterior-anterior projection is where rays pass from posterior to anterior. Anterior-posterior is the opposite. 2. Left lateral has rays passing through patient from left to right. Right lateral is the opposite 3. Take at least 2 images from different directions

Question 35

Is the X-ray image more or less distorted the closer the body part is to the X-ray detector? What happens to size appearance?

Answer 35

Less distorted. The farther away from the X-ray detector the larger it appears

Question 36

Computer assisted tomography (CT)

Answer 36

1. Multiple X-ray images rapidly performed 2. Computer analyzes to produce images 3. More detail than X-rays, but just as potentially harmful 4. Use should be minimal (stronger than X rays--CT of chest=150 x-rays (in terms of radiation exposure))

Question 37

Ultrasonography

Answer 37

1. High frequency sound waves reflected by surfaces separating structures from different densities 2. No damaging effects 3. Images more difficult to interpret

Question 38

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 38

1. Uses magnetic field to produce images 2. Produces better soft tissue images than CT scan 3. No damaging side effects 4. Expensive, issues with claustrophobia, some patients can't have done because of metal

Question 39

Nuclear medicine imaging

Answer 39

1. Radioactive material injected and taken up selectively by different body organs 2. Used to evaluate physiological function of organ or structure

Question 40

Extremity films (number and angles of films taken?)

Answer 40

AP, lateral, oblique

Question 41

What image generation test would you use to look for gallstones?

Answer 41

Ultrasound! No risk for radiation and the gallstones block the ultrasound, so nothing shows up behind them.

Question 42

What are some of the greatest uses for ultrasound?

Answer 42

Detecting pregnancy. Gallstones. Deep vein thrombosis. Best way to assess abdominal or pelvic pain in women (good at evaluating uterus and ovaries). Should be considered in checking abdominal pain in children and thin females (not enough fat can make CT hard to read)

Question 43

Is data able to be manipulated to better read CT after scan completed? MRI?

Answer 43

Yes. CT can be manipulated to view images in more than one plane. MRI cannot. You must get all the planes and images you want with the MRI before finishing the scan.

Question 44

What test is best for screening brain for acute hemorrhage and mass effect or herniation of the brain?

Answer 44

CT

Question 45

What is the best test for examining seizure foci or MS?

Answer 45

MRI

Question 46

What is the best test for ALMOST all abdominal screenings? Including PE, tumor, and interstitial lung disease?

Answer 46

CT

Question 47

Barium examinations

Answer 47

Antegrade for upper GI. Retrograde for colon. Not done nearly as often anymore, typically just do colonoscopy now or scoped from above to check the upper GI. Contrast used to determine bowel.

Question 48

PET

Answer 48

Useful in demonstrating metabolic issues in organs that appear physiologically normal. Based on the fact that tumor cells take up more glucose than normal cells. However, inflammation, infection, and healing can also be mistaken for tumor.