anatomical terms and biomechanics Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
anatomy
A
scientific study of the form and structure of the human body
2
Q
biomechanics
A
study of the mechanical movement of the human body within the actions of external and internal forces
focuses on the effects of the “forces of life,” external and internal, on human mechanics, especially on skeletomuscular and joint structure and function
3
Q
anterior (ventral)
A
toward or on the front of the body
EX: pectoralis major
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posterior (dorsal)
A
toward or on the back of the body
EX: rhomboid muscles
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superior
A
above or toward the upper part of the body
EX: humerus is superior to the ulna
6
Q
inferior
A
below, toward the lower part of the body
EX: tibia is inferior to the femur
7
Q
proximal
A
closest to the point of origin from the center of the body
EX: knee is proximal to the ankle
8
Q
distal
A
furthest from the point of origin from the center of the body
EX: the ankle is distal to the hip
9
Q
medial
A
towards the middle of the body
EX: the sternum is medial to the humerus
10
Q
lateral
A
away from the middle of the body
EX: the arms are lateral to the chest
11
Q
peripheral
A
towards the extremities
12
Q
deep muscle
A
towards the inner body
13
Q
superficial
A
toward outer surface
14
Q
anatomical positioning
A
relative to the body or to the other structures, respectively when standing upright with palms facing forward
15
Q
kinesiology
A
study of anatomy, physiology and mechanics of the human movement, also known as human kinetics
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biology
A
study of life and living matter, including structure and function
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kinematics
A
branch of biomechanics that specifically studies the time taken to carry out an activity
TIME TAKEN TO CARRY OUT AN ACTIVITY
18
Q
abduction
A
movement away from the body or body part’s midline; lifting up arms to a horizontal position at your side
19
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adduction
A
movement toward the body or body part’s midline; lowering your arm from the horizontal position back down to your side
20
Q
flexion
A
the bending of a joint that decreases the angle; bending at the elbow
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extension
A
the straightening of a joint that increases the angle; straightening at the elbow
22
Q
circumduction
A
motion of a circular movement, like rotating the foot around the ankle; arm circles is an example
23
Q
what movements are involved in circumduction
A
abduction, adduction, flexion and extension movements in a ball-and-socket joint
24
Q
rotation
A
internal rotation is the movement of the body part about its axis turning inward or toward the center/midline of the body
external rotation is the movement of the body part turning outward or away from the center/midline of the body
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protraction
forward (anterior) movement of a body part; generally referring to scapulae and skull/cervical spine
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retraction
backward (posterior) movement of a body part; generally referring to scapulae and skull/cervical spine
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hypoextension
extension that is less than normal, under-extenderd; not being able to extend at the knee because of a tight hamstring
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hyperextension
extension beyond normal limits, over extended; a body part or joint is bent backwards too far
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gliding
movement of non-angular joints over each other
** two bones slide upon each other thus permitting only back and forth and side to side motions **
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deviation
departure from the midline
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movements specific to only the hands/palms and feet
```
pronation
supination
inversion
eversion
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
```
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pronation
palm of hand turning downward into a posterior position when arm is down at side; the inward roll of the foot/arch decreased during normal walking motion
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supination
palm of hand turning upward into an anterior position when arm is down at side; the outward roll of the foot, ‘under-pronation’/arch heightened during normal
walking motion
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inversion
turning both feet inward so the soles face each other
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eversion
turning both feet outward so the soles face away from each other
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dorsiflexion
(ankle) pointing foot up towards the shin
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plantar flexion
(ankle) pointing foot downward (e.g. going up on tiptoes)
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types of muscle contractions
isometric
isokinetic
isotonic concentric
isotonic eccentric
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muscle contractions
allow for the given muscle to perform work and move within its range of motion (ROM) or the degree of freedom for which a joint can move through, usually referring to its full range of flexion and extension
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isometric contraction
load on the muscle is greater than the generated tension, results in no movement taking place
tension is developed but no mechanical work is done
muscle attempts to push or pull a load/object that is immovable or when you purposely hold a static position against resistance
NO APPRECIABLE JOINT MOVEMENT AND OVERALL LENGTH OF MUSCLE STAYS THE SAME
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isokinetic contraction
muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate of speed, allows muscle to gain strength evenly all throguh the entire ROM
quickest method for incr muscle strength , but requires equipment that increases the load as it senses the contraction speeding up
CONS: specializes, expensive equipement... not commonly used
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isotonic contraction
simple contraction
load on the muscle is less than the generated tension, resulting in movement
tension is developed and mechanical work can be done, like when successfully pushing or pulling a load/object
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types of isotonic contractions
concentric contraction
| eccentric contraction
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concentric contraction
muscle belly decreases/shortens in length and the angle at the joint decreases
"positive part" of the repetition
brings the involved bones together
typically an active/voluntary action resulting in movement
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eccentric contraction
muscle belly decreases/shortens in length and the angle at the joint increases
"negative part" of the repetition where the controlled resistance is returned to the starting position of the exercise
contraction can be voluntary, in order to stimulate adaptation, or involuntary, in order to protect the joint
46
planes of motion
human body is broken up into three primary planes or flat surfaces: frontal, sagital and transverse
these sections are cut/drawn through the center of the body and describe movement that is parallel to the plane
represent the planes of motion the body is capable of moving through; axis = stationary and invisible straight line around the body rotates
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functional movements are...
tri-planar or three dimensional in that all three planes will experience motion but typically we refer to the plane that the movement is biomechanically dominant
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sagittal plane
DIVIDES: right and left sides, lies vertically
MOTION: Flexion/Extension
EXAMPLES: Squat, Bicep Curl, Lunge, Walking
*PARASAGITTAL PLANE is any plane that runs parallel
to the sagittal plane
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frontal plane (aka coronal or lateral plane)
DIVIDES: front half (anterior) and back half
(posterior), lies vertically
MOTION: Abduction/Adduction
EXAMPLES: Lateral Raise, Pull-down, Side Bends,
Military Press
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transverse plane
DIVIDES: below (inferior) and above (superior)
parts, lies horizontally
MOTION: Internal Rotation/External Rotation
EXAMPLES: Rotation at waist (e.g. swinging a golf
club or baseball bat), Bench Press
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oblique
describes a diagonal movement, or a hybrid/combination of two planes; the angle or exact combination of planes, is not specified by terms
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what joints does flexion occur in
hinge and ball and socket joints
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elevation
motion of a limb superiorly, occurring only at the scapula (shoulder shrug)
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depression
opposite of elevation, at the scapula, when moving to an inferior position
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lateral flexion
side to side movement, bending the vertebrae in the frontal plane away from the midline in a lateral direction
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what joints does internal and external rotation occur in
ball and socket joints
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protraction/retraction
has to do with the scapulae moving along the sagittal plane, unilaterally or bilaterally
** if the shoulder joint moves into horizontal adduction, the action of protraction aides in adding range of motion to the upper extremity
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what joints are being exercised/worked significantly
hip and knee
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basic term for the movement of the hip and knee joint
```
hip = extension
knee = flexion
```
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at which positions should there be focus on control and holding the joint position as to avoid impingements/injuries?
```
scapulae
spine
hips
knees
ankles
```
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bones and joints important facts
possess properties that are both rigid and elastic
ratio rigid:elastic increases overtime... reason why older adults have brittle bones
bones can bend/stretch to very small degrees... once limit is exceeded fractures can occur
bones are in a constant state of replacement
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adult bone structure is divided into two parts
axial skeleton: trunk or center of the body (80 bones)
| appendicular skeleton: limbs and extremities (126 bones)
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long bones
Examples: clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
crucial for load bearing and mobility of the body
middle of the body (medullary cavity) contains cancellous bone (spongy bone with porous areas) that allow blood to pass through and bone marrow to be formed
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short bones
EX: carpels and tarsals
strength and compactness... provide stability and support but very limited movement
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flat bones
EX: cranium, scapula, ribs, sternum, ilium (pelvis)
very broad, flat plates... function mainly for protection and provision for muscular attachment
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irregular bones
EX: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible, hyoid
function as a point of attachment for various muscle as well as protection form the nervous system
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sesamoid bones
EX: joint bones in the hands, knee (patella) and feet
found where tendon passes over a joint... bone embedded in the tendon
these help to increase the tendons' mechanical advantage and help protect tendons from flattening into the joint
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difference between cervical/lumbar vs thoracic spine
cervical/lumbar --> spine curves inward... allow for more extension/bending backwards
thoracic --> curves slightly outward... allows for more flexion/bending forward
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scoliosis
when the spine curves sideways in the transverse plane
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the spine is...
very strong... protecting the spinal cord and sensitive nerve roots
very flexible, allows for multi-planar movement
the base for attachment and structural support
71
pelvic girdle is made up of
2 coxal (hip) bones made up of 3 fused parts
ilium (largest, uppermost part)
ischium (forms the lower and back part of the hip bone... is the strongest of the hip bones)
pubis (where the L and R hip bones join)
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pelvic girdle overview
In short, the pelvic girdle consists of 2 coxal (hip) bones, right and left, that join to the sacrum to complete the pelvis. The coxal bones (ilium, ischium and pubis), sacrum and two femoral (thigh) bones create a weight-bearing arch to accommodate the weight of the body and to withstand the impact forces from landing on the feet.
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the degree of movement possible at a joint depends on a number of factors, including:
• The type and structure of the joint
• The structure or shape of the articulating bones, which determines “fit”
• How flexible or inflexible the joint ligaments are. Tight ligaments restrict range of motion and direct the movement of the articulating bones on each other.
• The arrangement and strength of the associated
muscles and tendons. Tension of the muscle commonly reinforces ligaments.
• Soft tissue may limit mobility of a joint (e.g., the amount of flexion at the elbow may be limited by the amount of adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and skin of the forearm and upper arm).
• Hormone production, such as relaxin which is a protein hormone that increases in production to relax the joints in pregnant women to facilitate childbirth.
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stability and integrity of a joint is d/t
ligaments that connect the two bones together and how "snug" their fit is
more snug = less range of motion
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joints are primarily classified by...
structure and function
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structure of a joint
identified by how the bones connect to each other (What they are made of)
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function of a joint
identified by their ROM in the planes that the joint can move along at one time (how they move)
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three main structural classifications of joints
** identified by their function i.e. mobility **
ligamentous: immovable
cartilaginous: slightly moveable
synovial: highly moveable
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ligamentous/fibrous
no joint cavity
bound by strong, fibrous connective tissue
ex: btw bones of the skull
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cartilaginous
attached by cartilage or fibro-cartilaginous tissue
ex: growth regions in immature long bones (in children); discs btw spinal vertebrae
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synovial
joints have space btw articulating bones filled with synovial fluid
articular ends have cartilage (decr friction and cushions bones)
EX: ball and socket (Shoulder); pivot (elbow)
