Anatomical Terms and Biomechanics

Question 1

Anterior (ventral)

Answer 1

On the front of the body

Question 2

Posterior (dorsal)

Answer 2

On the back of the body

Question 3

Superior

Answer 3

Above, toward the upper part of body

Question 4

Inferior

Answer 4

Below, toward the lower part of the body

Question 5

Proximal

Answer 5

Closest to the point of origin from center of body

Question 6

Distal

Answer 6

Furthest from the point of origin from center of body

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

Towards the middle of the body

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

Away from the middle of the body

Question 9

Bilateral

Answer 9

Both sides of the body

Question 10

Peripheral

Answer 10

Toward the extremities

Question 11

Unilateral

Answer 11

One side of the body

Question 12

Superficial

Answer 12

Toward outer surface

Question 13

Deep muscle

Answer 13

Towards the inner body

Question 14

Abduction

Answer 14

Movement away from the body or body’s midline

Question 15

Adduction

Answer 15

Movement toward the body or body’s midline

Question 16

Flexion

Answer 16

Bending of a joint that decreases the angle (elbow bending)

Question 17

Extension

Answer 17

Straightening of a joint that increase the angle (straightening of the elbow)

Question 18

Circumduction

Answer 18

Motion of circular movement; rotating the foot around the ankle (uses abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension); arm circles

Question 19

Internal Rotation

Answer 19

Movement of body part about its axis turning inward or toward the body

Question 20

External Rotation

Answer 20

Movement of body part turning outward or away from the body

Question 21

Protraction

Answer 21

Anterior movement of body part

Question 22

Retraction

Answer 22

Posterior movement of body part

Question 23

Hypoextension

Answer 23

Less than normal, under-extended, cannot extend the knee because of a tight hamstring

Question 24

Hyperextension

Answer 24

Beyond normal limits, over extended, bending a body part “backwards”

Question 25

Gliding

Answer 25

Movement of non-angular joints over each other

Question 26

Deviation

Answer 26

Departure from the midline

Question 27

Pronation

Answer 27

Palm turning downward into a posterior position when the arm is down at one's side

Question 28

Supination

Answer 28

Palm turning upward into anterior position when arm is down at the side; outward roll of the foot

Question 29

Inversion

Answer 29

Turning both feet inward (soles face each other)

Question 30

Eversion

Answer 30

Turning both feet outward (soles face away from each other)

Question 31

Dorsiflexion

Answer 31

Ankle; pointing foot up toward shin

Question 32

Plantar flexion

Answer 32

Ankle; point foot downward (tiptoes)

Question 33

Proximal to the wrist

Answer 33

Elbow

Question 34

Distal to the hip

Answer 34

Ankle

Question 35

Isometric Contraction

Answer 35

Load on muscle is greater than the tension; no movement taking place

Question 36

Isokinetic Contraction

Answer 36

Muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate of speed; Quickest method for increasing muscle strength

Question 37

Isotonic Contraction

Answer 37

Simple contraction; Successfully pushing or pulling a load/object

Question 38

Concentric Contraction

Answer 38

Causes the muscle to decrease/shorten in length; active and voluntary action resulting in movement

Question 39

Eccentric Contraction

Answer 39

Causes the muscle to increase/lengthen, controlled resistance is returned to the starting position

Question 40

Sagittal Plane (vertical)

Answer 40

Divides right and left sides; flexion/extension

Question 41

Frontal Plane (coronal or lateral plane)

Answer 41

Divides the anterior and posterior; abduction or adduction

Question 42

Transverse Plane (horizontal)

Answer 42

Divides the inferior and superior parts; Interal or external rotation

Question 43

Ligamentous joints

Answer 43

Immovable; have no joint cavity and permit little to no movement

Question 44

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 44

Slightly moveable; attached by cartilage (growth regions of immature children)

Question 45

Synovial joints

Answer 45

Highly moveable; Cartilage is used to cushion the bone and decrease friction (ball and socket joint such as the shoulder)

Question 46

Ligaments are _______ elastic than tendons and are _______ prone to tearing than tendons.

Answer 46

less; more

Question 47

Agonists

Answer 47

Also known as prime movers; primarily resposible for the movement

Question 48

Synergists

Answer 48

Also known as neutralizers; provide for assistance of the prime mover

Question 49

Biceps

Answer 49

Antagonist to triceps

Question 50

Quadratus Lumborum

Answer 50

Attaches at the 12th rib; stabilizes the lumbar spine in all planes of motion

Question 51

Internal and external obliques

Answer 51

Rotate the trunk

Question 52

Flexion

Answer 52

Main function of the rectus abdominis

Question 53

Parts of the hamstring muscle

Answer 53

Biceps femoris, semiteninosus, semimembranosus

Question 54

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 54

Extends the hip

Question 55

Muscles that make up the quadriceps

Answer 55

Rectus femoris, vasuts lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Question 56

Compound movement

Answer 56

Exercises that use more than one joint

Question 57

Simple movement

Answer 57

Exercises that isolate only one joint