anatomy 1, 2

Question 1

what is the pathway for urine from production to excretion

Answer 1

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 2

the kidneys are ____peritoneal?

Answer 2

retroperitoneal organs

Question 3

define the ‘upper’ urinary tract

Answer 3

kidneys and ureters

Question 4

define the ‘lower’ urinary tract

Answer 4

bladder and urethra

Question 5

an upper UTI can spread to the…

Answer 5

kidneys

Question 6

a lower UTI can spread to the…

Answer 6

bladder and urethra

Question 7

which parts of the renal system are in the abdomen, pelvis and perineum?

Answer 7

abdomen: kidneys, proximal ureters
pelvis: distal ureters, bladder, proximal urethra
perineum: distal urethra

Question 8

which two muscles are located near the kidneys?

Answer 8

posterior: qudratus lumborum
lateral: psoas major

Question 9

vertebral level of the kidneys?

Answer 9

left - T12-L1

right - L1-L3 (lower due to the liver)

Question 10

the kidneys receive ___ of the cardiac output?

Answer 10

1/4

Question 11

lymph from the kidneys drains to the ___

lymph from the ureters drains to the ___

Answer 11

kidneys -> lumbar (para-aortic) nodes

ureters -> lumbar (para-aortic) and iliac nodes

Question 12

which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?

Answer 12

L3-L4

Question 13

renal artery stenosis and infra-renal AAA…

Answer 13

both caused by atherosclerosis

Question 14

renal artery stenosis due to supra-renal AAA…

Answer 14

due to occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm

Question 15

flow of urine from the kidneys

Answer 15

nephron (collecting duct)
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis 
*pelviuretic junction*
ureter

Question 16

anatomical sites of uretic constriction?

Answer 16

• pelviuretic junction
• ureter (when it crosses over common ilac arteries)
• uretic orifice

Question 17

define ‘renal failure’?

Answer 17

the kidneys are no longer able to sufficiently filter the blood to produce urine

Question 18

what is ‘hydronephrosis’?

Answer 18

obstruction leads to raised back pressure into the calyces, compressing the nephrons in the medullary pyramids and leading to renal failure

Question 19

what is renal calculi/ nephrolithiasis/ urolithiasis

Answer 19

kidney stones (urine calcium salts)

Question 20

define the ‘false pelvis’?

Answer 20

from iliac crests to pelvic inlet

part of the abdominal cavity

Question 21

define the ‘true’ pelvis?

Answer 21

from pelvic inlet to the pelvic floor

contains the bladder

Question 22

which muscle forms the pelvic floor?

Answer 22

levator ani (pelvic diaphragm)

Question 23

where is the perineum?

Answer 23

from pelvic floor to the skin

Question 24

where do the ureters enter the bladder and which is this important?

Answer 24

the ureters enter the bladder posterior-inferiorly at the 2 ureteric orifices
this sub-peritoneal route is important as it helps prevent the reflux of urine when the bladder contracts

Question 25

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

Answer 25

retro-vesicle pouch

Question 26

what is the most inferior part of the female pelvis?

Answer 26

vesico-uterine pouch | recto-uterine pouch (of douglas) - most inferior

Question 27

the three openings of the bladder trigone

Answer 27

x2 ureteric orifices | x1 internal urethral orifice

Question 28

what is the main muscle of the bladder wall?

Answer 28

detrusor muscle (in MEN: the detrusor muscle also forms the lining of the bladder neck - tightens during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder)

Question 29

how does the detrusor muscles help prevent reflux of urine back into the ureters?

Answer 29

detrusor muscle encircles the x2 ureteric orifices - tightening when the bladder contracts

Question 30

two ways the bladder anatomy prevents back flow of urine?

Answer 30

1. the ureters enter the bladder posterior-inferiorly | 2. detrusor muscle tightens around the x2 ureteric orifices

Question 31

two routes for catheterisation

Answer 31

urethral (most common) | supra-pubic

Question 32

name the contents of the spermatic cord?

Answer 32

``` vas deferens testicular artery testicular veins (pampiniform plexus)lymphatic and nerves ```

Question 33

sperm pathway (SEVEN UP)

Answer 33

``` S - seminiferous tubules E - epididymis V - vas deferens E - ejaculatory duct N ----- U - urethra P - penis ```

Question 34

the sac surrounding the testes is called the...

Answer 34

tunica vaginalis note: fluid can accumulate here (hydrocele)

Question 35

the main three muscles in the penis which contribute to an erection?

Answer 35

- left and right corpus cavernosum | - corpus spongiosum

Question 36

which penile muscle does the spongy urethra travel via?

Answer 36

corpus spongiosum

Question 37

lymph from the penis/testes drains to the....

Answer 37

penis lymph - deep inguinal nodes | testes lymph - lumbar (para-aortic) nodes

Question 38

most cancers of the prostate grown on the ____ zone?

Answer 38

peripheral zone | felt on PR exam