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Anatomy 1 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 quadrants that the abdominal cavity can be divided into?

A

Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower

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2
Q

What are the two imaginary line used to divide the abdomen into the 4 quadrants?

A

Trans-umbilical line and the sagittal line (both transverse through the umbilicus)

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3
Q

What are the imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions?

A

Two horizontal:

  1. Transpyloric line
  2. Transtubercular line

Two vertical:
Two midclavicular lines

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4
Q

What are the names of the 9 regions?

A
  1. Right and left hypochondriac
  2. Epigastrium
  3. Right and left lumbar (or flank)
  4. umbilical
  5. Right and left iliac fossa
  6. Hypograstric (or suprapubic)
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5
Q

What structures are found in the Right Hypochrondriac?

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Small intestine
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6
Q

What structures are found in the Left Hypochrondriac?

A
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Descending colon
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7
Q

What structures are found in the Epigastrium?

A
  • Stomach
  • Oesophagus
  • Liver
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8
Q

What structures are found in the Right lumbar region?

A
  • Ascending colon
  • R kidney
  • Small intestine
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9
Q

What structures are found in the Left lumbar region?

A
  • Descending colon
  • L kidney
  • Small intestine
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10
Q

What structures are found in the Umbilical region?

A
  • Transverse colon
  • Cisterna chyli
  • R + L kidneys
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11
Q

What structures are found in the Right Iliac Fossa?

A
  • Appendix
  • Caecum
  • Small intestine
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12
Q

What structures are found in the Left Iliac Fossa?

A
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Descending colon
  • Small intestine
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13
Q

What structures are found in the Hypogastrium?

A
  • Bladder
  • Prostate
  • Sigmoid colon
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14
Q

What four muscles are found on the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Internal oblique
External oblique
Transversalis abominis
Rectus abdominus

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15
Q

What are the actions of the internal oblique and what is its innervation?

A
  • Flex/rotate trunk and support/compress viscera

* Thoracoabdominal T7-11 and subcostal T12

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16
Q

What are the actions of the external oblique and what is its innervation?

A
  • Flex/rotate trunk trunk and support abdominal visceral

* T7-11, T12 and L1

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17
Q

What are the actions of the transversus abdominus and what is its innervation?

A
  • Compress and support viscera

* T7-11, subcostal T12 and L1

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18
Q

What are the actions of rectus abdominus and what is its innervation?

A
  • Flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and compresses abdominal viscera, stabilises and controls tilt of pelvis
  • T7-11, subcostal T12
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19
Q

What is visceral referred pain?

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A

Pain arising from a viscus (i.e. stomach) varies from dull to severe. The pain is poorly localised; it radiates to the dermatome level that receives visceral sensory fibres from the organ concerned

20
Q

What does the arcuate line indicate?

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A 
Above arcuate (through umbilicus):
Rectus adbominus in enveloped by rectus sheath of external oblique aponeurosis, anterior lamina of IO aponeurosis and posteriorly by posterior lamina of IO aponeurosis and transverse abdominus

Below:
All aponeurosis pass anteriorly to the RA

21
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

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A

Fibrous sheath that encloses RA, and pyramidalis, supporting them

It is made up of the EO, IO and TA aponeuroses

22
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

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A

Fibrous, flat tendon

23
Q

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus on the abdominal wall?

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A

L3-4 but can say depending on fat tissue (unnerved by T10 dermatome)

24
Q

Which thoracic spinal segment innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

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A

T7-11, and T12

25
How is the inguinal canal formed?
Formed during the relocation of the gonads during foetal development, and is formed from layers of the anterior abdominal wall as these layers push through the wall obliquely, thus forming a canal.
26
Describe the structure of the inguinal canal
* 4cm * Lies parallel to and above the medial half of the inguinal ligament * Attached to anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle * Opening is deep (internal) ring) and closing is the superior (external) inguinal ring
27
What are the walls of the inguinal canal composed of?
* Anterior: Aponeurosis of EO * Posterior: transversalis fascia * Roof: transversals fascia, I.O., transversus abdominus aponeurosis * Floor: Inguinal ligament
28
What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ligament to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
29
Where does the superficial ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?
Superolateral to pubic tubercle
30
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?
* Vas deferens * Ilioinguinal nerve * Blood and lymphatic vessels
31
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?
* Round ligament of uterus * Ilioinguinal nerve * Blood and lymphatic vessels
32
What are the three types of abdominal hernias?
* Inguinal hernias (direct and indirect) - uses inferior epigastric aa to distinguish * Femoral hernias * Umbilical hernias
33
Describe direct inguinal hernias
Abdominal contents do not pass through the deep ring, but push through a weak spot in the muscles of the posterior wall of canal, so contents enter canal and can pass through superficial ring * 1/3 of inguinal hernias * Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels * more common in elderly - lax muscles
34
Describe indirect inguinal hernias
Results due to a congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring, allowing abdominal contents to enter into the inguinal canal * Most common form of hernias * Medial to inferior epigastric vessels * More common in young - congenital weakness
35
Describe femoral hernias
Occur below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal content pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal (medial to inferior epigastric vessels)
36
Describe umbilical hernias
When abdominal connect pass through a weakness at the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall. * In adults, they're acquired rather than congenital * Abnormal fibres at the line alba may also contribute
37
What are the four distinct layers of the GI tract?
1. Mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular externa (propria) 4. Adventitia (or serosa below diaphragm)
38
Describe the epithelium of the GI mucosa
* Type varies with function | * Basement membrane support epithelium and it does not contain BV or nerves
39
Describe the lamina propria of the GI mucosa
* Layer of loose connective tissue * Rich in BV and lymph vessels and smooth muscle cells * Glands are present throughout tube, expect few in oesophagus
40
Describe the muscularis mucosae of the GI mucosa
Thin layer of smooth muscle
41
Describe the GI tract submucosa
Collagenous supporting tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
42
Describe the GI tract muscular externa
Smooth muscle layer with an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer -> basis for peristaltic contraction ( • Stomach has an extra oblique layer
43
What are the four basic mucosal types of the GI tract?
1. Protective: stratified squamous epithelium - oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus + anal canal 2. Secretory: simple columnar with tubular glands (secretes digestive enzymes) - stomach 3. Absorptive: villi, with short glands called crypts (brunner's glands in duodenum) - entire small intestine 4. Absorptive/protective: closely packed straight tubular glands with goblet cells, specialised in water absorption + mucous secretion - entire large intestine
44
What are the four abrupt transitions that occur in the GI tract?
* Gastro-oesophageal * Gastro-duodenal * Ileocaecal * Recto-anal
45
How does serosa differ to adventitia in the abdominal cavity?
Adventitia covered by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells (visceral peritoneum)

GI System (28 decks)

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