Anatomy #1: A First Look At Anatomy

Question 1

Cryotechnolody

Answer 1

Anatomists discovered in early 1800s that cross sections obtained from frozen cadavers and parts of cadavers provided incredible insight into the complexity of the human body. The nature of the frozen specimens improved int he 1900s with advancements in this field, which came to be called cryotechnology.

In the late 1980s, the Visible Human Project began. Two donated bodies were deep-frozen in blue gelatin, and then cute into extremely thin cross sections from head to toe. Each newly exposed layer was photographed digitally for computer analysis.

Question 2

Anatomy

Answer 2

Study of structure. Derived from Greek and means “to cut apart.”

Question 3

Physiology

Answer 3

Scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures.

Question 4

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 4

Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye. For most such studies, scientists prepare individual cells of thin slices of some part of the body and examine them by microscope.

Question 5

Cytology

Answer 5

Cellular Anatomy. The study of single body cells and their internal structures.

Question 6

Histology

Answer 6

Study of tissues. Takes a wider approach to microscopic anatomy by examining how groups of specialized cells and their products function for a common purpose.

Question 7

Gross Anatomy

Answer 7

Also called macroscopic anatomy. Investigates the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye. Preserved specimens often cut open for examination.

Question 8

Comparative Anatomy

Answer 8

Examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of species.

Question 9

Developmental Anatomy

Answer 9

Investigates the changes in structure within an individual from conception through maturity.

Question 10

Embryology

Answer 10

Embryon= young one

Concerned specifically with developmental changes occuring prior to birth.

Question 11

Regional Anatomy

Answer 11

Examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit.

Example, the skin, connective tissue and fat, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the neck.

Question 12

Surface Anatomy

Answer 12

Examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them. Health-care providers use surface features to identify and locate specific bony processes at joints as well as to obtain a pulse or a blood sample from a patient.

Question 13

Systemaic Anatomy

Answer 13

Studies the gross anatomy of each system int he body.

Example, studying the urinary system would involve examining the kidneys, where urine is formed, along with the organs of urine transplant and storage.

Question 14

Pathologic Anatomy

Answer 14

Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Question 15

Radiographic Anatomy

Answer 15

Studies the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, or x-ray.

Question 16

Surgical Anatomy

Answer 16

Investigates the anatomic landmarks used before and after surgery.

Example, prior to back surgery, the location of the L4 vertebra is precisely identified by drawing an imaginary line between the hip bones. This intersection of this line with the vertebral column shows the location of L4.

Question 17

Chemical Level

Answer 17

Simplest level of organization which is composed of atoms and molecules.

Question 18

Atom

Answer 18

Smallest units of matter; two or more atoms form a molecule, such as protein, water, or a vitamin.

Question 19

Cells

Answer 19

The basic units of structure and function in organisms.

Question 20

Cellular Level

Answer 20

Specialized structural and functional units called organelles permit all living cells to share certain common functions. The structures of cells vary widely, reflecting the specializations needed for their different functions.

Question 21

Tissue Level

Answer 21

Groups of similar cells with a common function form this stage.

Tissues are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions.

Four types of tissues.

1) Epithelial - covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
2) Connective - protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs
3) Muscle - produces movement
4) Nervous - conducts impulses for internal communication.

Question 22

Organ Level

Answer 22

Different tissue types combine to form an organ.

Organs contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

Question 23

Organ System Level

Answer 23

Consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. Like the respiratory system.

Question 24

Organismal Level

Answer 24

Highest level of structural organization.

All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being, the organism.

Question 25

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 25

A common consequence of a specific genetic mutation in someone's DNA. This results when a defective or abnormal region in a molecule of DNA affects the normal function of cells in certain body organs. These cells are unable to transport salt across their membranes, thus disrupting the normal salt and water balance in the fluid covering these cells.

Question 26

Organization

Answer 26

All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order.

Question 27

Metabolism

Answer 27

All organisms carry out various chemical reactions. This term is the sum of all of them.

Question 28

Growth & Development

Answer 28

During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and exhibit increased size and increased specialization as related to form and function. As the human body grows in size, structures become more complex and sophisticated.

Question 29

Responsiveness

Answer 29

All organisms sense and respond to changes in their internal or external environment. For example, a stimulus to the skin of the hand, such as extremely hot or cold temp, causes a human to withdraw hand from stimulus, to prevent injury.

Question 30

Adaptation

Answer 30

Over a period of time, an organism may alter an anatomic structure, physiologic process, or behavioral trait to increase its expected long-term reproductive success, such as a darkening of skin pigmentation in the equatorial region due to an increase in sun exposure.

Question 31

Regulation

Answer 31

Control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment, a state called homeostatis. (homoios=similar, stasis=standing). In a constantly changing environment, every organism must be able to maintain this "steady state."

Question 32

Reproduction

Answer 32

All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair. In addition, an organism produces gametes that, under the right conditions, have ability to develop into a new living organism.

Question 33

Anatomic Position

Answer 33

An individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eys look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.

Question 34

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

Answer 34

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. When a coronal plane is taken through the trunk, the anterior portion contains the chest, and the posterior portion contains the back.

Question 35

Transverse Plane

Answer 35

Also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ. The body of organ is separated into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts, and the relationship of neighboring organs at a particular level is revealed. Computed tomography (CT) scans provide transverse sectional images of the body for study.

Question 36

Midsagittal Plane

Answer 36

Or median plane. Extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves. A plane that is parallel to the midsaggital plane, but either to the left or right of it, is termed a sagittal plane. Thus, a sagittal plane divides a structure into right and left portions that may or may not be equal. Although there is only one midsagittal plane, an infinite # of sagittal planes are possible. A midsagittal or sagittal plane is often used to show internal body parts.

Question 37

Oblique Plane

Answer 37

Passes through the specimen at an angle.

Question 38

Anterior

Answer 38

In front of; toward the front surface. The stomach is anterior to the spinal cord.

Question 39

Posterior

Answer 39

In back of; toward the back surface. The heart is posterior to the sternum.

Question 40

Dorsal

Answer 40

At the back side of the human body. The spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body.

Question 41

Ventral

Answer 41

At the belly side of the human body. The umbilicus (navel, belly button) is on the ventral side of the body.

Question 42

Superior

Answer 42

Closer to the head. The chest is superior to the pelvis.

Question 43

Inferior

Answer 43

Closer to the feet. The stomach is inferior to the heart.

Question 44

Caudal

Answer 44

At the rear or tail end. The abdomen is caudal to the head.

Question 45

Cranial

Answer 45

At the head end. The head is cranial to the trunk.

Question 46

Rostral

Answer 46

Toward the nose. The frontal love is rostral to the occipital love.

Question 47

Medial

Answer 47

Toward the midline of the body. The lungs are medial to the shoulders.

Question 48

Lateral

Answer 48

Away from the midline of the body. The arms are lateral to the heart.

Question 49

Deep

Answer 49

On the inside, underneath another structure. Muscles are deep to the skin.

Question 50

Superficial

Answer 50

On the outside. The external edge of the kidney is superficial to its internal structure.

Question 51

Proximal

Answer 51

Closest to point of attachment to trunk. The elbow is proximal to the hand.

Question 52

Distal

Answer 52

Furthest from point of attachment to trunk. The wrist is distal to the elbow.

Question 53

Axial Region

Answer 53

Includes the head, neck, and trunk; it forms the main vertical axis of the body.

Question 54

Appendicular Region

Answer 54

Our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body's axis and make up the appendicular region.

Question 55

Abdominal

Answer 55

Region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones.

Question 56

Antebrachial

Answer 56

Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist).

Question 57

Antecubital

Answer 57

Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region.

Question 58

Auricular

Answer 58

Ear (visible surface structures of the ear and the ear's internal organs).

Question 59

Axillary

Answer 59

Armpit

Question 60

Brachial

Answer 60

Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow).

Question 61

Buccal

Answer 61

Cheek

Question 62

Calcaneal

Answer 62

Heel of the foot.

Question 63

Carpal

Answer 63

Wrist

Question 64

Cephalic

Answer 64

Head

Question 65

Cervical

Answer 65

Neck

Question 66

Coxal

Answer 66

Hip

Question 67

Cranial

Answer 67

Skull

Question 68

Crural

Answer 68

Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle).

Question 69

Deltoid

Answer 69

Shoulder

Question 70

Digital

Answer 70

Fingers or toes (also called phalangeal).

Question 71

Dorsal

Answer 71

Back.

Question 72

Femoral

Answer 72

Thigh

Question 73

Fibular

Answer 73

Lateral aspect of the leg.

Question 74

Frontal

Answer 74

Forehead

Question 75

Gluteal

Answer 75

Buttock

Question 76

Hallux

Answer 76

Great toe.

Question 77

Inguinal

Answer 77

Groin (sometimes used to indicate just the crease in the junction of the thigh with the trunk).

Question 78

Lumbar

Answer 78

Relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis.

Question 79

Mammary

Answer 79

Breast

Question 80

Manus

Answer 80

Hand

Question 81

Mental

Answer 81

Chin

Question 82

Nasal

Answer 82

Nose

Question 83

Occipital

Answer 83

Posterior aspect of the head.

Question 84

Olecranal

Answer 84

Posterior of the elbow.

Question 85

Oral

Answer 85

Mouth.

Question 86

Orbital

Answer 86

Eye

Question 87

Palmar

Answer 87

Palm of the hand.

Question 88

Patellar

Answer 88

Kneecap

Question 89

Pelvic

Answer 89

Pelvis

Question 90

Perineal

Answer 90

Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs.

Question 91

Pes

Answer 91

Foot

Question 92

Plantar

Answer 92

Sole of the foot.

Question 93

Pollex

Answer 93

Thumb

Question 94

Popliteal

Answer 94

Area posterior to the knee.

Question 95

Pubic

Answer 95

Anterior region of the pelvis.

Question 96

Radial

Answer 96

Lateral aspect of the forearm.

Question 97

Sacral

Answer 97

Posterior region between the hip bones.

Question 98

Scapular

Answer 98

Shoulder blade.

Question 99

Sternal

Answer 99

Anterior middle region of the thorax.

Question 100

Sural

Answer 100

Calf (posterior part of the leg).

Question 101

Tarsal

Answer 101

Root of the foot.

Question 102

Thoracic

Answer 102

Chest or thorax.

Question 103

Tibial

Answer 103

Medial aspect of the leg.

Question 104

Ulnar

Answer 104

Medial aspect of the forearm.

Question 105

Umbilical

Answer 105

Navel

Question 106

Vertebral

Answer 106

Spinal column.

Question 107

Posterior Aspect

Answer 107

Part of the axial region. Has two enclosed cavities. A cranial cavity is formed by the cranium (specifically, the neurocranium) and houses the brain. A vertebral canal is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord. These two cavities are encased in bone and thus are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity. Therefore, the parallel term dorsal body cavity is not used here.

Question 108

Ventral Cavity

Answer 108

Part of the axial region. Arises from a space called the coelom that forms during embryonic development. The ventral cavity eventually becomes partitioned into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity with the formation of the thoracic diaphragm, a muscular partition that develops between these cavities. Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with thin serous membranes, which are composed of two layers. A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, while a visceral layer covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity. Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is a thin serous cavity that is actually a potential space. A potential space is capable of becoming a larger cavity. A serous cavity contains a film of serous fluid that is secreted by the cells of the serous membranes. Serous fluid has the consistency of oil, and serves as a lubricant. In a living human, the organs (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines) are moving and rubbing against each other and the body wall. This constant movement causes friction. The serous fluids lubricant properties reduce this friction and help the organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall.

Question 109

Mediastinum

Answer 109

The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the mediastinum. It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs, which are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura.

Question 110

Pericadium

Answer 110

Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the pericadium. The parietal pericardium (peri=around, kardia=heart) is the outermost layer and forms the sac around the heart; the visceral pericardium (epi=upon) forms the heart's external surface. The pericardial cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia; it contains serous fluid.

Question 111

Pleura

Answer 111

The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs, which are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura. The outer layer of this serous membrane is the parietal pleura; it lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall. The inner layer of this serous membrane is the visceral pleura; it covers the external surface of the ling. The narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and visceral layers is called the pleural cavity, and is the location of lubricating serous fluid.

Question 112

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 112

Consists of an abdominal cavity, which is superior to an imaginary line drawn between the superior aspects of the hip bones, and a pelvic cavity that is inferior to this imaginary line. Abdominal cavity contains most of the organs of the digestive system, as well as kidneys and ureters. The organs of the pelvic cavity consist of the distal part of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and urethra, and the internal reproductive organs.

Question 113

Peritoneum

Answer 113

A moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity. The parietal peritoneum, the other layer of this serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity. Visceral Peritoneum, the inner layer of this serous membrane, ensheathes the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs. The potential space between these serous membrane layers in the abdominopelvic cavity is the peritoneal cavity, where the lubricating serous fluid is located.

Question 114

Abdominopelvic Regions

Answer 114

To accurately describe organ location in the larger abdominopelvic cavity, anatomists and health-care professionals commonly partition the cavity into smaller, imaginary compartments. There are 9.

Question 115

Epigastric Region

Answer 115

Abdominopelvic region. It's the superior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands.

Question 116

Umbilical Region

Answer 116

Abdominopelvic region. It's the middle region in the middle column, typically contains the transverse colon (middle part), part of the small intestine, and the branches of the blood vessels to the lower limbs.

Question 117

Hypogastric Region

Answer 117

Abdominopelvic region. It's the inferior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the small intestine,t he urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine.

Question 118

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

Answer 118

Abdominopelvic regions. They're the superior regions lateral to the epigastric region. The right one typically contains part of the liver, the gallbladder, and part of the right kidney. The left one typically has part of the stomach, the spleen, the left colic flexure of the large intestine, and part of the left kidney.

Question 119

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

Answer 119

Abdominopelvic regions. They're the middle regions lateral to the umbilical region. The right one has the ascending colon and the right colic flexure of the large intestine, the superior part of the cecum, part of the right kidney, and part of the small intestine The left one contains the descending colon, part of the left kidney, and part of the small intestine.

Question 120

Right and Left Iliac Regions

Answer 120

Abdominopelvic regions. The inferior regions lateral to the hypogastric region. The right one has the inferior end of the cecum, the appendix, and part of the small intestine The left iliac region contains the junction of parts of the colon as well as part of the small intestine.

Question 121

Auscultation

Answer 121

A diagnostic method that involves listening to the sounds produced by various body structures.

Question 122

Palpation

Answer 122

Using the hands to detect organs, masses, or infiltration of a body part during a physical examination.