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Anatomy Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

which 2 vertebrae are different

A

C1- no vertebral body, occipital condyles

C2- bifid spinous process, odontoid process

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2
Q

know the foramens

A

inc jugular, ovale, rotundum, magnum

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3
Q

what passes through jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, XI

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4
Q

function and structure of external ear

A

collects sound waves and funnels them towards middle ear

auricle, EAM, tympanic membrane, pinna

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5
Q

innervation of external ear

A

helix- C2,C3
internal helix- CN V3
EAM- upper CN VII, lower CN X
ear lobe- C2, 3 (greater auricular nerve)

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6
Q

function of middle ear

A

conduct sounwaves in air towards fluid filled cavities of inner ear via bones- ossicles

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7
Q

structure of middle ear

A

temporal bone, ossicles (maleolus, incus, stapes), 2 synovial joints, 2 muscles

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8
Q

what is the posterior wall of middle ear

A

epitympanic recess

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9
Q

what are the skeletal muscles of middle ear

A

tensor tympani muscle: dampens malleus- CN V3

stapedius muscle: reduces vibrations of stapes on oval window- CN VII

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10
Q

what is CN VII’s journey

A

leaves at pons> IAM > ear > through temporal bone and then splits

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11
Q

what is the sensation aspect of CN VII

A

chorda tympani conveys taste from anterior 2/3rds of tongue

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12
Q

PS secretomotor function of CN VII

A

to submandibular, sublingual glands

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13
Q

somatic motor function of CN VII?

A

muscles of facial expression

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14
Q

the 6 branches of CN VII are…

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

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15
Q

what is eustachian tube’s function?

A

equalises pressure between middle ear and nasopharynx. CN IX sensory nerve supply. may spread infection e.g.. tonsillitis > OM

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16
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve run down

A

leaves at oblongata > jugular foramen > enters parapharyngeal space and lies on stylopharngeal muscle

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17
Q

sensation of CN IX

A

middle ear, Eustachian tube, nano/oropharynx

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18
Q

somatic motor of CN IX

A

stylopharyngeus muscle, posterior 1/3rd of tongue

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19
Q

PS secretomotor function of CN IX

A

parotid gland

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20
Q

3 layers of inner ear

A

otic capsule, bony lap (perilymph- cochlea and vestibule), membranous labyrinth (ducts suspended in bony lab- endolymph)

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21
Q

cochlear apparatus

A

hair cells in organ of corti, cochlear ducts suspended by spiral ligaments

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22
Q

hair cells…

A

convey fluid motion into neural stimuli > travel along cochlear nerve (CN VIII branch)

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23
Q

vestibular apparatus…

A

semi-circular canal (detect angular movement), vestibule (trice and saccule- detect linear), hair cells

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24
Q

hair cells in VA

Study These Flashcards
A

found at maculae of utricle and saccule and ampullae of SC ducts, covered in crystals (otoconia) > travel along vestibular nerve (CN VIII)

25
where does CN VIII (vestibulocohlear nerve) divide
once entered the ear
26
function of cochlear apparatus
hearing: TM vibrates > ossicles > stapes on oval window > pressure waves in perilymph > hair cells in cochlear generate AP > cochlear nerve (CN VIII)
27
function of vestibular apparatus
balance: hair cells stimulated by movement of andolymph
28
Internal acoustic meatus joins into where
lies in temporal bone and connects inner ear to posterior cranial fossa (CN VIII, CN VII< labyrinthine artery and vestibular ganglion)
29
nasal cavity
nose- 2 osseocartilaginous cavities- paranasal sinuses, lacrimal sac, nasopharynx
30
what are conchae and meatuses
conchae- make hair turbulent to allow more time for it to be cleaned spaces above and below conchae are meatuses
31
what are the conchae and their corresponding meatuses
``` sphenoethmoidal recess superior nasal conchae superior meatus middle nasal conchae middle meatus inferior nasal conchae inferior meatus ```
32
name the arteries of the nose and the plexus that is susceptible to epistaxis
internal carotid artery > anterior ethmodial & posterior ethmoidal artery external carotid > sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery external carotid > lateral nasal artery, superior labial artery kisselback's plexus (in Little's area)- made up of anterior, posterior ethmoidal cells, spehnopalatine and greater palatine artery, superior labial artery
33
how many paranasal sinuses are there and what is their function
4 pairs- reduce weight of skull & assist in vocal resonance
34
what drains into which sinuses
sphenoethmodial recess> sphenoid sinus superior meatus> posterior ethmoidal air cells middle meatus> ethmoidal air cells nasolacrimal duct> inferior meatus
35
what are 2 regions of oral cavity
oral vestibule and oral cavity proper (from external surface of teeth to oropharynx)
36
tongue innervation
posterior 1/3rd= CN IX anterior 1/3rd= - CN VII= taste - CN V3= general sensory
37
which is the only taste bud not for taste
filiform- touch, temp
38
what are the muscles of mastication
food in mouth: obicularis oris, buccinator open: lateral pterygoid close mouth: medial pterygoid, massteter, temporalis
39
arterial supply of head and neck
cranial cavity: internal carotid artery, vertebral artery face: ICA & ECA neck: ECA & subclavian artery
40
venous drainage of head and neck
follow arteries- all ultimately drain into internal jugular vein
41
T/F: parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse early and have long course to target organ
F: PS have ganglion close to target organ S synapse at sympathetic chain and then have long journey to organ sensory innervation has 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurones with 2nd order Ns synapsing at thalamus
42
where do supra-glottic tumours drain into
cervical LNs, sub-glottic tumours drain to paratracheal nodes
43
what are the longitudinal muscles of pharynx
salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus
44
what are circular muscles of pharynx
constrictor muscles (sup, middle, inf)
45
what are the 3 protective mechanisms of the pharynx
Waldeyer's tonsillar ring (pharyngeal, tubal, lingual, palatine), salivary glands (parotid, submand, sublingual), gag reflex
46
larynx is at the _____ spinal level
C4-C6, made up of 9 cartilage rings suspended from hyoid- mainly hyaline. also has arytenoid cartilage with conriculate cartilage. 2 joints (cricothyroid, cricoarytenoid)
47
innervation of larynx
above vocal folds > internal laryngeal nerve mucosa below vocal folds> inferior laryngeal nerve muscles- recurrent laryngeal nerve (except cricothryoid- superior LN)
48
where does inferior laryngeal nerve originate from
CN X> recurrent laryngeal nerve > inferior LN
49
what is main CN innervation of throat
CN X
50
sub glottal pressure causes air to cross vocal cords = vibration. laryngeal muscles (CN X) change way of speech
inc pitch= cricothyroid dec pitch= thyroarytenoid aDduction= arytenoid aBduction= posterior cricoarytenoid
51
3 phases of swallowing- oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal... describe these
Oral: mastication (CN V3, CN VII, CN XII, CN X) pharyngeal: bolus to oropharynx, hyolaryngeal elevation oesophageal: once UOS opens bolus passes into stomach
52
what triggers gag reflex?
posterior 3rd of tongue, palatine tonsils, wall of oropharynx (CN IX)
53
innervation of laryngeal nerves
CN X- constrictors | CN IX and X- longitudinal muscles
54
what are the main components of the embryo head and neck that go on to form many structures
arches, pouches, clefts
55
how many arches are there and what they go on to form
1st arch- maxillary (maxilla, zygomatic bone), mandibular (mandible, incus/ malleus, temporal bone) 2nd- stapes, upper hyoid 3rd- lower hyoid 4th-6th- laryngeal cartilage
56
cranial nerves and arches
1st arch- CN V 2nd arch- CN VII 3rd arch- CN IX 4-6- CN X
57
what is a pathology from pharyngeal cleft malformation
cervical cyst
58
how does cleft lip form
malunion between inter maxillary process and palate shelves

ENT (11 decks)

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