Anatomy Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is yogic anatomy?
A
focuses on our bodies, the sariras and koshas, chakras and nadis
2
Q
What is modern anatomy?
A
“to cut” in Greek- focuses on the structure of organisms, how they are made in their individual parts
3
Q
What is yogic physiology?
A
focuses on the flow of energy through our bodies
4
Q
What is modern physiology?
A
study of nature- focuses on normal functions of organisms
5
Q
Homeostasis
A
an adaptive, dynamic, ever-changing physiological process by which an organism maintains balance of temperature, glucose, toxins, pH, water, blood and air
6
Q
How much of the human body is water?
A
60%-70%
7
Q
How much of the water in the body is intracellular?
A
70%
8
Q
99% of chemical reactions in the body require
A
water
9
Q
What is an organ?
A
a group of tissues that structurally form a functional unit for a particular function
10
Q
What are visceral organs?
A
organs within the thoracic or abdominal cavities (heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines)
11
Q
What is collagen?
A
The most abundant protein the body
triple helix
Forms fascia, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
12
Q
What is a contraindication?
A
A reason not to do something
13
Q
What are the 4 cavities of the body?
A
cranial
thoracic
adbominal
pelvic
14
Q
What is the diaphragm?
A
separates thoracic and abdominal cavities, most important muscle of breathing
15
Q
What is the relationship between the thoracic and abdominal cavity?
A
both open at one end to external environment
increased volume in one exerts a pressure on the other that increases the force required to function
16
Q
What do cells do?
A
Respond to the environment in which they live. When changes are made to the body- cells do they adapting.
They:
eat, drink, respire, excrete, work, adapt, reproduce, die
17
Q
Sagittal plane
A
bisects the body into right and left
18
Q
Coronal plane
A
bisects the body into front and back
19
Q
Transverse plane
A
bisects body into top and bottom
20
Q
Medial/lateral
A
closer to/away from the midline
21
Q
anterior/posterior
A
towards the front or back
22
Q
superficial/deep
A
towards the skin/inside the body
23
Q
flexion
A
decreases angle between two body parts
24
Q
extension
A
increases angle between two body parts
25
circumduction
circular movement at a distal joint (wrist)
26
inversion/eversion
sole of foot towards/away from midline
27
Anterior tilt of pelvis
lumbar spine extension, increase in lordotic curve
hip flexors
lumbar extenders
28
posterior tilt of pelvis
lumbar spine flexion and loss of lordosis
hip extensors
abs
29
Scapular actions
```
protraction (hunch)
retraction (open)
depression (down)
elevation (up)
downward and upward rotation
```
30
tension
resistance from nervous system and soft tissues
| usually behind movement
31
compression
bone meets bone, soft tissue meets soft tissue
| usually in front of movement
32
functions of skeletal system
```
support
protect
leverage
storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
endocrine regulation
```
33
Types of bones
```
long bones (provide leverage, femur, humerus)
short bones (weight bearing, carpals and tarsals)
flat bones( protection for tissue, scapula and skull)
irregular bones (complex shapes, vertebrae)
sesamoid bones (smalland flat held by tendon, patella)
```
34
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, sacrum and rib cage
| for protection, balance and support
35
Appendicular skeleton
pelvis, arms and legs
| locomotion and environmental manipulations
36
What plays a role in how flexible a joint is?
tension and compression
37
Types of joints
Fiberous
Cartilaginous
Synovial (6 subtypes)
38
Fiberous joint
very little movement
held together by collagen fibers
skull
39
cartilaginous joints
some movement
held together by cartilage
discs, pubis, sternum
40
synovial joints
bones separated by a joint cavity covered in hyaline cartilage lubricated by synovial fluid and enclosed in a joint capsule
shoulders, wrists etc.
41
Types of synovial joints
```
hinge
pivot
ball and socket
condyloid
saddle
plane
```
42
hinge joint
knee, elbow, ankle
| flexion and extension
43
pivot joint
radioulnar joint, atlas and axis
| rotation along the long axis of the moving bone
44
ball and socket joint
shoulder joint, hip joint
| flexion, extensions, ab/adduction, rotation, circumduction
45
joint capsule
connective tissue encasement that houses the working parts of the joint
contains synovial membrane
covering for ligament and tendon
half resists the movement
46
synovial fluid
viscous fluid in the cavities of synovial joints secreted by synovial membrane
lubricant and shock absorber
47
articular cartilage
covers whole of joint surface
attached to underlying bone
1-2mm thick
smooth and free surface allowing bones to glide across one another
48
3 types of muscle
cardiac-only in the heart (involuntary)
smooth- part of almost every organ (regulate blood flow and movement through organs (involuntary)
skeletal-attached to skeleton, move body (voluntary)
49
Functions of muscle
```
maintain posture
joint stabilization
skeletal movement
blood circulation
respiration
digestion
protect organs
guard entrances and exits
maintain body temperature
store nutrient reserves
```
50
agonist
prime mover
| muscle responsible for generating the main active force of movement (usually shortening)
51
antagonist
acts in opposition to the specific movement (usually lengthening
52
concentric contraction
muscle shortens while contracting
53
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens while contracting
54
isometric contraction
muscle maintains length while contracting
55
reciprocal inhibition
inhibits opposing muscle's function
56
myotatcic reflex
muscle fibers contract and resist stretching
| first thing to stop you in a stretch
57
Postural muscles
maintain upright posture (largely slow twitch)
running down front an back of body applying equal and opposite forces to oppose gravity
to overcome dysfunction they become more tense
58
phasic muscles
mainly responsible for movement
| if damaged, body avoids moving them by altering movement patters
59
active static stretching
contracting a muscle to stretch the target antagonist muscle
| contracting quads stretches hammies
60
passive static stretching
relax into stretch using only body weight
| yin
61
tendons
link muscle to bone
can withstand tension
resistant to lengthening
injury= strain
62
ligaments
link bone to bone
improve joint stability
more flexible than tendons
injury= sprain
63
Bones of the spine
```
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacrum (fused)
4 coccyx (fused)
```
64
Lordotic curve
arch
65
Kyphotic curve
hunch
66
How many dics in vertebrae
23
67
Spinal movement important to know:
lumbar doesn't rotate much, thoracic doesn't extend much
68
Spinal dics
shock absorbers between vertebrae
69
bulging disc
Bulging disks occur when the spongy disks between the vertebrae become compressed and bulge out
may press on ligaments or nerves
70
herniated disc
A herniated disc (also called bulged, slipped or ruptured) is a fragment of the disc nucleus that is pushed out of the annulus, into the spinal canal through a tear or rupture in the annulus. Discs that become herniated usually are in an early stage of degeneration.
71
Sciatic nerve
longest nerve in body
72
Sciatica
persistent pain along sciatic nerve
| usually caused by issues with the sciatic nerve and piriformis
73
Fascia
```
separates and connects everything in the body
has sponge-like qualities
is like a spider web
stronger than steel
triple helix
surrounds everything
support and communication network
strength and stability
```
74
3 layers of fascia
superficial- aereolar tissue and fat (insulating and padding)
deep- connective tissue that surrounds muscles
visceral- lines cavities and visceral organs (protects and reduces friction)
75
Elastin
return to original length after stretching
| allows you to run, jump etc
76
ECM- extra cellular matrix
```
where fascia lives
provide structural and biochemical support of surrounding cells
made up of a tough fiber matrix
gel substance (lubricant)
allows for diffusion of nutrients
```
77
Myo-fascia
what surrounds, connects and separated muscles and muscle fibers
78
epimysium
outside muscle
79
perimysium
divides muscle into fiber bundles
80
endomysium
separates muscle fibers
81
Force transmission
force goes from muscle to bone via tendon, but really affects everything (if you pull one edge of the mat, the whole mat moves)
82
How does stretching help fascia
mechanical lengthening and realignment
tissue hydration
neural stimulation
fibrolast stimulation
83
Restoring correct function to tissue
reabsorb connective tissue (rolling lemon)
eliminate strain (massage/yoga)
strengthen opposite muscle
84
Superficial back line
Toes to knees, knees to brow
85
Superficial front line
toes to pelvis, pelvis to head (loops around back of head)
86
Lateral line
foot to outside of ankle, up outside of leg, laces under shoulder to skull
87
spiral line
loops around body
88
deep front line
underside of foot to underside of cranium
89
What is the respiratory system made of?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
90
What is respiration
the process of gaseous exchange from the external environment to the cells
91
What are the three types of respiration?
External- diffusion of o2 and co2 between the lungs and the blood
internal- exchange between blood to capillaries and tissue fluids, then to and from cells
cellular- inter cellular metabolic reactions
92
Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
Aerobic requires o2 and releases a lot of energy
| anaerobic does not
93
inspiration
an active process that results from the contraction of muscles
94
expiration
passive and active
95
What happens with the diaphragm when you inhale?
It contracts, creates a vacuum in the lungs filled with air
96
Where are the intercostal muscles?
Between ribs
97
External Intercostals
expand when you inhale to open the ribcage and bring more space
98
Internal intercostals
shorten the ribcage during expiration
99
Main accessory muscles of breathing
sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles
pectoralis minor
100
Structures of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
101
What is the heart
hollow organ located slightly left of center made primarily of thick cardia muscle covered in a fascial sac (pericardium)
102
What does the right side of the heart do?
pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
103
What does the left side of the heart do?
pumps blood to body (systematic circulation)
104
Arteries and arterioles
carry oxygenated blood away from heart, have thick muscular walls, can contract
105
Veins and venules
carry de-oxygenated blood back to the heart
contain valves
gravity is working against them
106
capillaries
carry co2 and o2, connect arterioles and venules
| where diffusion of o2, nutrients and co2 occurs
107
How much blood is in the body
5-6 liters
108
How much of the blood is plasma
55-60%
109
Functions of blood
carries 02 and co2
carries nutrients from the digestive system to cells
carries waste materials from cells to excretory organs
carries hormones
maintains water balance and body temperature
carries cells and anti-bodies
clots after injuries
110
What is the lymphatic system
subsystem of the circulatory system
| complex network of vessels, tissues and organs that maintain balance of fluids, defend against infection
111
What is the small intestine
6-7m long, designed to absorb food
112
What is the large intestine
1.5 m long divided into the ascending, transverse and descending colon
113
What is the liver
```
synthesis of bile
detox
stores excess glucose
stores vit A and D
produces heat
```
114
What is the appendix
It sits where your small intestine meets your large intestine. it may serve as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria
115
Organs of the urinary system
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
116
functions of kidneys
```
extraction and expulsion of waste and toxins
maintains water level
maintains balance of salts and minerals
regulation of ph
production of hormones
```
117
What is the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
118
3 main functions of nervous system
collect sensory input from the body and environment
process and interpret input
respond to input
119
The peripheral nervous system is made up of
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
120
Somatic nervous system
relates to voluntary movement
121
Autonomic nervous system
innervates smooth involuntary muscles
122
Autonomic Nervous system is split into
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
123
Sympathetic nervous system
fight, flight or freeze
124
Parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
