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Case 23 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of joint?

A

synovial joints- bones separated by an articular cavity surrounded by a joint capsule, highly mobile
solid joints- bones joined by fibrocartilage (sympheses) or fibrous connective tissue (sutures), restricted movement

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2
Q

what are the main features of a synovial joint?

A

hyaline cartilage- covers articulating surfaces
joint capsule- made up of synovial (inner) membrane and a fibrous (outer) membrane
other structures seen- bursae, tendon sheaths (sacs of synovial membrane around tendons), articular discs (fibrocartilage- absorb compression forces), fat pads

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3
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

cells positioned far apart surrounded by extracellular matrix

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4
Q

what is the basic composition of connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix: consists of

  • fibres (collagen and elastin)
  • ground substance (water and glycosaminoglycans)
    cells:
  • fibroblasts- synthesise ECM
  • osteoblasts/chondrocytes- synthesise bon/cartilage matrix
  • mesenchymal cells- undifferentiated stems cells
  • adipocytes
  • immune cells- mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells
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5
Q

do fibroblasts or fibrocytes produce ECM fibres?

A

fibroblasts

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6
Q

what are the types of soft connective tissue?

A
  • loose (low collagen)- aereolar (transports gases from blood to tissues), adipose (white or brown), synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid), reticular (found in liver, lymph nodes, endocrine glands)
  • dense (high collagen)- regular (tendons, joint capsule), irregular (deep dermis)
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7
Q

how is connective tissue classified?

A

soft- loose or dense
skeletal- cartilage, bone, dental
specialised- blood, lymphoid

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8
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

A

function- rigid but flexible, resistant to compression

location- articular surfaces, respiratory tract (cricoid), nasal cartilage, developing bones

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9
Q

what is the composition of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

A

composition- chondrocytes, collagen, bundles of elastic fibres
location- epiglottis, ear, larynx

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10
Q

where is fibrocartilage found in the body?

A 
acetiblular labrum (hip)
glenoid labrum (shoulder)
menisci (knee)
pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs
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11
Q

what are the 3 bones that form the shoulder joint?

A

clavicle
scapula
humerus

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12
Q

what is the function of the glenoid labrum?

A

deepens the concavity of the glenoid fossa

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13
Q

what part of the scapula does the clavicle articulate with?

A

the acromion

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14
Q

which tendon passes through the inter tubercular sulcus of the humerus?

A

the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii

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15
Q

which bone of the forearm lies on the medial side?

A

the ulna

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16
Q

what are the names of the carpal bones?

A

proximal row- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform

distal row- hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

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17
Q

what structure overlies the carpal arch and forms the carpal tunnel?

A

the flexor retinaculum

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18
Q

what are the intrinsic scapulohumeral muscles of the shoulder?

A

rotator cuff muscles
teres major
deltoid

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19
Q

what are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

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20
Q

where do supraspinatus, intraspinatus and teres minor originate and insert?

A

originate- posterior surface of the scapula

insert- greater tubercle of humerus

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21
Q

where does subscapularis originate and insert?

A

originates- posterior surface of scapula

inserts- lesser tubercle of humerus

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22
Q

what is the action of supraspinatus ?

A

initiates abduction

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23
Q

what is the action of infraspinatus and teres minor?

A

external/ lateral rotation

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24
Q

what is the action of subscapularis?

A

internal/ medial rotation

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25
Q

what is the origin, insertion and action of teres major?

A

origin- posterior scapula
insertion- intertuberular sulcus
action- internal/ medial rotation and adduction

26
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?

A

superficial back muscles- trapezius, levator scapulae, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major and minor
thoracic wall muscles- pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior

27
Q

what does the supra scapular nerve innervate?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus

28
Q

what in the innervation of teres minor and deltoid?

A

axillary nerve

29
Q

what is the innervation of subscapularis and teres major?

A

subscapular nerves

30
Q

what is the innervation of the superficial back muscles?

A

trapezius- spinal accessory nerve
latissimus dorsi- thoracodorsal nerve
rhomboids and levator scapulae- dorsal scapular nerve

31
Q

what results form long thoracic nerve damage?

A

winging of the scapula- loss of action of serrates anterior

32
Q

what forms the brachial plexus?

A

anterior rami of C5-T1

33
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

biceps brachii
coracobracialis
brachialis

34
Q

what are the general actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

flex at shoulder
flex at elbow
supinate forearm

35
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior arm ?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

36
Q

what is the muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

triceps brachii

37
Q

what is the innervation of triceps brachii?

A

radial nerve

38
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm and their common origin?

A 
flexor carpi ulnaris 
flexor carpi radialis 
pronator teres 
palmaris longus 
common origin- medial epicondyle
39
Q

what is the muscle in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

40
Q

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum profundus
pronator quadratus
flexor pollicis longus

41
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

all median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum profundus- ulnar nerve

42
Q

what is the common origin for the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?

A

lateral epicondyle

43
Q

what are the muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A 
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis 
extensor carpi ulnaris 
aconeus
extensor digitorum 
extensor digiti minimi 
brachioradialis
44
Q

what is the common origin of the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

A

posterior radius/ulna/ interosseous membrane

45
Q

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

A

supinator
extensor indices
extensor policis Longus and brevis
abductor pollicis longus

46
Q

what is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

all radial nerve

47
Q

which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

A

the median nerve

48
Q

what are the 3 thenar muscles and their innervation?

A

opponens pollicis (deepest)
adbuctor pollicis (lateral)
flexor pollicis brevis (medial)
innervation- median nerve

49
Q

what is the innervation of the thenar muscles?

A

ulnar nerve

50
Q

what is the motor innervation of the hand?

A

all ulnar nerve except thenar muscles and lateral 2 lumbricals- median nerve

51
Q

how do the cephalic veins communicate?

A

the median cephalic vein

52
Q

why is nerve regeneration inhibited in the CNS?

A

CNS myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes and contains proteins that inhibit axon growth
microglia can only clear CNS myelin debris slowly
there are no growth promoting molecules in the ECM , inhibitory molecules instead (glial scar)

53
Q

what is a proteoglycan?

A

a protein core heavily glycosylatef with multiple glycosaminoglycan (GAG) subunits

54
Q

how do proteoglycans bind to hyaluronic acid?

A

via HAPLN1 (hyaluronic acid proteoglycan link protein 1)

55
Q

what function do proteoglycans have in articular cartilage?

A

proteoglycans attract water forming hydration shells. proteoglycans cause fluid to move out slowly when compressive force is applied and so the cartilage deforms slowly which has a dampening effect on the force

56
Q

what is the main proteoglycan in articular cartilage and how is it arranged?

A

aggrecan
it aggregates with hyaluronic. acid and collagen to form the ECM. the collagen forms a net which prevents the aggrecan/hyaluron gel from expanding beyond the articular disc

57
Q

which type of collagen does hyaline cartilage contain?

A

type II collagen

58
Q

what type of collagen does fibrocartilage contain?

A

type I and type II collagen

59
Q

what is the difference between a smiths and colles fracture?

A

both fractures of distal radius
colles- bone fragment displaced towards dorsal aspect. caused by FOOSH
smiths- bone fragment displaced towards palmar aspect. caused by fall onto flexed hand

60
Q

what is a Bartons fracture?

A

intra-articular fracture of the distal radius

Case 23 (4 decks)

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