Anatomy

Question 1

what are the 2 types of joint?

Answer 1

synovial joints- bones separated by an articular cavity surrounded by a joint capsule, highly mobile
solid joints- bones joined by fibrocartilage (sympheses) or fibrous connective tissue (sutures), restricted movement

Question 2

what are the main features of a synovial joint?

Answer 2

hyaline cartilage- covers articulating surfaces
joint capsule- made up of synovial (inner) membrane and a fibrous (outer) membrane
other structures seen- bursae, tendon sheaths (sacs of synovial membrane around tendons), articular discs (fibrocartilage- absorb compression forces), fat pads

Question 3

what is connective tissue?

Answer 3

cells positioned far apart surrounded by extracellular matrix

Question 4

what is the basic composition of connective tissue?

Answer 4

extracellular matrix: consists of

• fibres (collagen and elastin)
• ground substance (water and glycosaminoglycans)
  cells:
• fibroblasts- synthesise ECM
• osteoblasts/chondrocytes- synthesise bon/cartilage matrix
• mesenchymal cells- undifferentiated stems cells
• adipocytes
• immune cells- mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells

Question 5

do fibroblasts or fibrocytes produce ECM fibres?

Answer 5

fibroblasts

Question 6

what are the types of soft connective tissue?

Answer 6

• loose (low collagen)- aereolar (transports gases from blood to tissues), adipose (white or brown), synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid), reticular (found in liver, lymph nodes, endocrine glands)
• dense (high collagen)- regular (tendons, joint capsule), irregular (deep dermis)

Question 7

how is connective tissue classified?

Answer 7

soft- loose or dense
skeletal- cartilage, bone, dental
specialised- blood, lymphoid

Question 8

what is the function of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 8

function- rigid but flexible, resistant to compression

location- articular surfaces, respiratory tract (cricoid), nasal cartilage, developing bones

Question 9

what is the composition of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 9

composition- chondrocytes, collagen, bundles of elastic fibres
location- epiglottis, ear, larynx

Question 10

where is fibrocartilage found in the body?

Answer 10

acetiblular labrum (hip)
glenoid labrum (shoulder)
menisci (knee)
pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs

Question 11

what are the 3 bones that form the shoulder joint?

Answer 11

clavicle
scapula
humerus

Question 12

what is the function of the glenoid labrum?

Answer 12

deepens the concavity of the glenoid fossa

Question 13

what part of the scapula does the clavicle articulate with?

Answer 13

the acromion

Question 14

which tendon passes through the inter tubercular sulcus of the humerus?

Answer 14

the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii

Question 15

which bone of the forearm lies on the medial side?

Answer 15

the ulna

Question 16

what are the names of the carpal bones?

Answer 16

proximal row- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform

distal row- hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Question 17

what structure overlies the carpal arch and forms the carpal tunnel?

Answer 17

the flexor retinaculum

Question 18

what are the intrinsic scapulohumeral muscles of the shoulder?

Answer 18

rotator cuff muscles
teres major
deltoid

Question 19

what are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

Answer 19

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

Question 20

where do supraspinatus, intraspinatus and teres minor originate and insert?

Answer 20

originate- posterior surface of the scapula

insert- greater tubercle of humerus

Question 21

where does subscapularis originate and insert?

Answer 21

originates- posterior surface of scapula

inserts- lesser tubercle of humerus

Question 22

what is the action of supraspinatus ?

Answer 22

initiates abduction

Question 23

what is the action of infraspinatus and teres minor?

Answer 23

external/ lateral rotation

Question 24

what is the action of subscapularis?

Answer 24

internal/ medial rotation

Question 25

what is the origin, insertion and action of teres major?

Answer 25

origin- posterior scapula insertion- intertuberular sulcus action- internal/ medial rotation and adduction

Question 26

what are the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?

Answer 26

superficial back muscles- trapezius, levator scapulae, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major and minor thoracic wall muscles- pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior

Question 27

what does the supra scapular nerve innervate?

Answer 27

supraspinatus, infraspinatus

Question 28

what in the innervation of teres minor and deltoid?

Answer 28

axillary nerve

Question 29

what is the innervation of subscapularis and teres major?

Answer 29

subscapular nerves

Question 30

what is the innervation of the superficial back muscles?

Answer 30

trapezius- spinal accessory nerve latissimus dorsi- thoracodorsal nerve rhomboids and levator scapulae- dorsal scapular nerve

Question 31

what results form long thoracic nerve damage?

Answer 31

winging of the scapula- loss of action of serrates anterior

Question 32

what forms the brachial plexus?

Answer 32

anterior rami of C5-T1

Question 33

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 33

biceps brachii coracobracialis brachialis

Question 34

what are the general actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 34

flex at shoulder flex at elbow supinate forearm

Question 35

what is the innervation of the anterior arm ?

Answer 35

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 36

what is the muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 36

triceps brachii

Question 37

what is the innervation of triceps brachii?

Answer 37

radial nerve

Question 38

what are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm and their common origin?

Answer 38

``` flexor carpi ulnaris flexor carpi radialis pronator teres palmaris longus common origin- medial epicondyle ```

Question 39

what is the muscle in the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm?

Answer 39

flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 40

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

Answer 40

flexor digitorum profundus pronator quadratus flexor pollicis longus

Question 41

what is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 41

all median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum profundus- ulnar nerve

Question 42

what is the common origin for the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?

Answer 42

lateral epicondyle

Question 43

what are the muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 43

``` extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor carpi ulnaris aconeus extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi brachioradialis ```

Question 44

what is the common origin of the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

Answer 44

posterior radius/ulna/ interosseous membrane

Question 45

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

Answer 45

supinator extensor indices extensor policis Longus and brevis abductor pollicis longus

Question 46

what is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 46

all radial nerve

Question 47

which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 47

the median nerve

Question 48

what are the 3 thenar muscles and their innervation?

Answer 48

opponens pollicis (deepest) adbuctor pollicis (lateral) flexor pollicis brevis (medial) innervation- median nerve

Question 49

what is the innervation of the thenar muscles?

Answer 49

ulnar nerve

Question 50

what is the motor innervation of the hand?

Answer 50

all ulnar nerve except thenar muscles and lateral 2 lumbricals- median nerve

Question 51

how do the cephalic veins communicate?

Answer 51

the median cephalic vein

Question 52

why is nerve regeneration inhibited in the CNS?

Answer 52

CNS myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes and contains proteins that inhibit axon growth microglia can only clear CNS myelin debris slowly there are no growth promoting molecules in the ECM , inhibitory molecules instead (glial scar)

Question 53

what is a proteoglycan?

Answer 53

a protein core heavily glycosylatef with multiple glycosaminoglycan (GAG) subunits

Question 54

how do proteoglycans bind to hyaluronic acid?

Answer 54

via HAPLN1 (hyaluronic acid proteoglycan link protein 1)

Question 55

what function do proteoglycans have in articular cartilage?

Answer 55

proteoglycans attract water forming hydration shells. proteoglycans cause fluid to move out slowly when compressive force is applied and so the cartilage deforms slowly which has a dampening effect on the force

Question 56

what is the main proteoglycan in articular cartilage and how is it arranged?

Answer 56

aggrecan it aggregates with hyaluronic. acid and collagen to form the ECM. the collagen forms a net which prevents the aggrecan/hyaluron gel from expanding beyond the articular disc

Question 57

which type of collagen does hyaline cartilage contain?

Answer 57

type II collagen

Question 58

what type of collagen does fibrocartilage contain?

Answer 58

type I and type II collagen

Question 59

what is the difference between a smiths and colles fracture?

Answer 59

both fractures of distal radius colles- bone fragment displaced towards dorsal aspect. caused by FOOSH smiths- bone fragment displaced towards palmar aspect. caused by fall onto flexed hand

Question 60

what is a Bartons fracture?

Answer 60

intra-articular fracture of the distal radius