Anatomy Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is the Endocrine System?
A
The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.
2
Q
How many glands make up the Endocrine System?
A
10
3
Q
What glands are found in the brain?
A
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Pineal
4
Q
What glands are found in the neck?
A
Thyroid
Parathyroid
5
Q
What gland is found in between your lungs?
A
Thymus
6
Q
What gland is found on top of the kidneys?
A
Adrenals
7
Q
What gland is behind the stomach?
A
Pancrease
8
Q
What are the two glands that are in the pelvic region?
A
- Ovaries (woman)
2. Testes (man)
9
Q
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
A
This organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.
10
Q
What is the function of the Pituitary gland?
A
This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do. It makes many important hormones
11
Q
What is the function of the Pineal gland?
A
It makes a chemical called melatonin that helps your body get ready to go to sleep.
12
Q
What is the function of the Thyroid gland?
A
This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your growth and metabolism.
13
Q
What happens if the Thyroid gland doesn’t make enough hormone?
A
If this gland doesn’t make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight.
14
Q
What happens if the thyroid gland makes too much hormone?
A
If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying
15
Q
What is the function of the Parathyroid?
A
This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
16
Q
What is the function of the Thymus?
A
This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child’s immune system develops.
17
Q
Which gland starts to shrink after puberty?
A
Thymus
18
Q
What is the function of the Adrenal glands?
A
Best known for making the “fight or flight” hormone adrenaline (also called epinephrine), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They affect your metabolism heart rate, oxygen intake, blood flow, and sexual function, among other things.
19
Q
What is the function of the Pancreas.
A
This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells
20
Q
What is the function of the ovaries?
A
In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.
21
Q
What is the function of the testes?
A
In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.
22
Q
T or F. Cell membrane integrity is essential in preventing the beginnings of a viral infection?
A
True
23
Q
What 3 Vitamins and 1 Mineral along with EFA support cell integrity?
A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Selenium
24
Q
What causes allergies?
A
When infectious organisms, chemicals, etc that contain protein antigens stimulate an inappropriate antibody response.
25
What happens when you have an allergic reaction?
Antibodies attach to the antigen and cause an inflammatory reaction by releasing Histamine into the system.
26
Which immunoglobulin stimulates the release of histamine?
IgE
27
What are the common response to immunoglobulin (histamine) antibodies?
swelling, redness, itching and possibly pain.
28
What immunoglobulin antibodies occurs more often with foods?
IgG
29
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies not only occurs with food but with what other two substances?
1. Drug side effects
| 2. Exposure to chemicals including tobacco
30
What is Parasympathetic state?
rest and digest state
31
What is sympathetic state?
fight or flight response
32
List the five activities cells perform to maintain life?
1. metabolism
2. assimilation
3. digestion
4. excretion
5. reproduction
33
All living material is composed of what smallest units of life?
Cells
34
Each of the 11 systems in the body are made up of a grouping of what?
Groups of organs
35
What are the 11 systems in the body
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Circulatory System
7. Lymphatic or Immune System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
36
What are the two layers that make up the Integumentary System?
The epidermis and the dermis
37
What 5 organs does the Integumentary System include?
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands (oil glands) Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.)
38
What 3 organs does the Skeletal system include?
Bones, Cartilage and joints
39
What two mineral salts do bones store?
Calcium and phosphorous
40
What 2 organs does the Muscular system include?
Muscles and tendons
41
What 3 organs does the Nervous system include?
Brain, spinal cord and nerves
42
What 6 organs does the Endocrine System include?
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, ovaries and testes
43
Which gland in the Endocrine System controls all the other four glands?
Pituitary (master gland)
44
What 5 organs does the Circulatory system include?
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood
45
What organ controls/sends signals to the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
46
What 4 organs does the Lymphatic or Immune System include?
The Lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen and the lymph vessels
47
Why is the Lymphatic system also called Immune System?
Because it also protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying most invading disease-causing microorganisms.
48
What 6 organs does the Respiratory system include?
```
Nasal Cavities
Pharynx,
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
```
49
What 10 organs does the Digestive system include?
```
Mouth
Pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
salivary glands
pancreas
gallbladder
liver
```
50
What 4 organs does the Urinary System include?
2 kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
51
What 6 organs does the Female Reproductive System include?
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva and mammary glands
52
What 4 organs does the Male reproductive system include?
Penis, prostate gland, testes, urethra
53
What is the name of the chemical energy that maintains cellular structure and function?
ATP (adenoisine triphosphate)
54
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous
55
What do tissues make when they are combined?
Organs
56
What are the 4 functions of the epithelial tissues?
1. Protects underlying tissues (skin)
2. Absorbs (small intestinal walls)
3. Secretes (glands)
4. Excretes (sweat glands)
57
What are the 9 functions of the Connective tissues?
1. Support (bones)
2. Nourishment (blood)
3. Transportation (blood)
4. Connection (Tendons)
5. Movement (Muscles)
6. Protection (Bones)
7. Insulation (Adipose/fat tissue)
8. Storage (Bones/adipose)
9. Attachment and separation (attaches to skin to underlying muscle)
58
What is histamine?
an inflammatory substance produced in response to allergies.
59
What is the dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
60
Which dense connective tissue attaches bone to bone?
Ligaments
61
What is responsible for producing skin-colour?
cells called melanocytes
62
What does Melanocytes produce when exposed to sunlight.
a pigment called melanin
63
Do all races have the same number of melanocytes?
Yes
64
If all people have the same number of melanocytes in their skin, how do we explain the differences in colour among the various races?
Different races have specific genes that determine the amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes. Darker-skinned individuals have more active melanocytes that produce more melanin that those individuals who are lighter in skin tone.
65
What is normal body temperature?
98.6 F or 37 degrees Celsius
66
The presence of _________ is critical for chemical reactions to occur in our cells?
Enzymes
67
What acts as a protein catalysts to speed up chemical reactions under normal cellular conditions?
Enzymes
68
The skin produces what two secretions?
Sebum and sweat
69
What is sebum?
Sebum is the oily substance that lubricates the skin's surface.
70
Does sebum have both an antifungal and antibacterial property?
Yes. It helps prevent infection and maintains the texture and integrity of the skin.
71
What is essential in the cooling process of the body?
sweat
72
What does sweat contain?
waste products such as urea, uric acid and ammonia.
73
Calcium concentration in the blood and bones is controlled by which system?
Endocrine (hormone) system
74
Which gland controls the calcium to be stored in the bones?
Thyroid (Calcitonin hormone)
75
Which gland controls the calcium to be released from the bones into the bloodstream?
Parathyroid (parathormone hormone)
76
What is collagen?
The most abundant protein in the body
77
Where is collagen found (4)?
Skin, muscle, Bones and connective tissue (tendons)
78
How many bones does the human skeleton contain?
206
79
What is arthritis?
It is inflammation of the whole joint including all the tissues such as cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood supply, etc.
80
What percentage of the body's weight does muscles make up?
40 to 50%
81
Along with ATP, what are the two additional sources of ATP that muscles have?
Phosphocreatine and free fatty acids from the blood broken down into ATP.
82
What is phosphocreatine?
is only found in muscle tissues and provides a rapid source of high-energy ATP for muscle contraction
83
When muscles are at rest, what happens to phosphate?
Phosphate is transferred to phosphocreatine and stored in the skeletal muscles awaiting use.
84
What is creatine?
Creatine is an amino acid located mostly in your body's muscles as well as in the brain. Most people get creatine through seafood and red meat — though at levels far below those found in synthetically made creatine supplements. The body's liver, pancreas and kidneys also can make about 1 gram of creatine per day.
85
Which food sources provide creatine?
Creatine is naturally found in animal tissue.
86
Do vegans need to supplement with creatine?
No. Making the switch to veganism simply to improve health will mean you have less creatine, but there's no need to supplement. However, if you're making the nutritional switch and want to maintain optimum performance as an athlete, then it'll probably help to cover your back with a little extra.
87
If oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, pyruvic acid is changed to _______________________ and
builds up in the muscle cell.
lactic acid
88
What happens when lactic acid builds up in muscle?
muscle fatigue - decreased force and ache
89
What 2 systems share in the maintenance of homeostasis (the internal environment of our bodies)?
The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
90
The Nervous System has a subcategory called Autonomic Nervous System which does what to the body?
Sends signals from the brain and spinal cord to the smooth muscles (ex. intestines).
91
What are the two subcategories of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
92
What does the Sympathetic state do to the body?
stimulates or speeds up activity involving energy expenditure (fight or flight)
93
Which neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic state?
norepinephrine
94
Parasympathetic state does what to the body?
Restores or slows down activity (rest and digest)
95
Which neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic state?
acetylcholine
96
Which gland secretes Melatonin?
Pineal
97
What are the 6 neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, epineph-rine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, serotonin, do-pamine, and the endorphins
98
What are the 3 classifications of Hormones
1. Amino Acids
2. Proteins
3. Steroid
99
Name the 4 amino acid hormones.
1. epinephrine
2. norepinephrine
3. oxytocin
4. vasopressin (ADH)
100
Name the 2 protein hormones
1. insulin
| 2. growth hormones
101
Name the 3 steroid hormones.
1. cortisol
2. estrogen
3. testosterone
102
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis via chemical control of what?
hormones
103
What is considered the master gland of the Endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
104
What controls the pituitary gland through chemical signals?
Hypothalamus
105
What are the 7 hormones produced by the pituitary gland?
1. Growth Hormone
2. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) (thyroid gland)
3. Adrenocorticoid Hormone (ACTH) (Adrenal gland)
4. Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) (skin/melanin)
5. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) (ovaries/testes)
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
7. Prolactin
106
ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete what hormone?
Cortisol
107
MSH stimulates melanocytes in the skin to produce what hormone?
melanin
108
Prolactin stimulates what production in the mammary glands?
mothers milk
109
What 3 hormones does the thyroid gland produces?
T3, T4 and calcitonin
110
What does the thyroid need to function properly?
Iodine
111
What does the T3 and T4 hormone (from thyroid) regulate?
The metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins.
112
What is hypothyrodism?
Lack of Thyroid hormone
113
What is hyperthyrodism?
Too much thyroid hormone
114
3 symptoms of hypothyroidism are?
sluggishness, fatigue and fluid retention
115
3 symptoms of hyperthyroidism are?
nervousness, high body metabolism and fatigue.
116
What does the calcitonin (thyroid hormone) lower?
It lowers the calcium and phosphate in the blood by blocking their release from the bones and increasing their excretion by the kidneys.
117
What hormone does the Parathyroid glands secrete?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
118
What does the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
release calcium and phosphate into the blood and causes calcium to be absorbed in the intestines from the digested food.
119
What vitamin also increased absorption of calcium in the intestines?
Vitamin D
120
What are 2 things that high levels of PTH cause?
1. breakdown of bones causing them to easily fracture.
| 2. Kidney stones
121
Low levels of PTH can cause?
Muscle cramps
122
What 4 hormones does the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline (epinephrine) in large amounts
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in small amounts
Aldosterone
Cortisol
123
Which hormone is called the fight or flight hormone?
Epinephrine
124
What 2 hormones does the pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
125
What does insulin do (2 things)?
Insulin causes excess blood glucose (sugar) to be stored in the liver as starch or glucogen. Glucose is also moved to muscle cells and adipose tissues.
126
What does glucagon do?
Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, break down amino acids and convert them to glucose and break down fats as energy source.
127
What hormone does the testes produce?
Testosterone
128
What 2 hormones does the ovaries produce?
estrogen and progesterone
129
What gland is crucial in the development of the immune system?
Thymus gland
130
What hormone does the thymus gland produce?
thymosin
131
What does thymosin (thymus gland hormone) do?
produces T Lymphocytes (white blood cells)
132
What does T cells (Lymphocytes/white blood cells) do?
protect the body against foreign microbes.
133
What 2 hormones does the Pineal gland produce?
Melatonin and serotonin
134
What does melatonin do?
regulates the body's wake and sleep patterns
135
What does serotonin regulate?
Mood i.e. happiness, sense of well-being
136
What four things make up blood?
1. Red Blood Cells
2. White Blood Cells
3. Platelets
4. Plasma
137
What does blood transport from the lungs?
Oxygen
138
The oxygen transported from the lungs enters which cells?
Red Blood Cells
139
Why is oxygen needed by the cells in the body?
For cellular metabolism
140
What does blood also transport from the cells other than Oxygen?
Carbon Dioxide
141
Carbon dioxide is a _______ _______ of cellular metabolism.
waste product
142
What causes anemia?
Anemia reduces the amount of oxygen that Red Blood cells can transport.
143
What are the 4 symptoms of anemia?
Lack of energy, shortness of breath, pale skin, fatigue.
144
How do you treat anemia?
By taking iron supplements and increasing the iron from food sources.
145
What vitamin should you take along with iron supplements to increase benefits?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) pills or orange juice aids in the absorption of iron supplements.
146
Why is iron important for red blood cells?
Without enough iron, your body can't produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin).
147
What does the B lymphocytes produce?
They are cells that produce antibodies.
148
What does the B lymphocytes protect against?
circulating bacterial and viral infections
149
What does the T Lymphocytes provide?
cellular immunity
150
What does the L lymphocytes protect against?
fungi, parasites, intracellular viral infections cancer cells and foreign tissue implants.
151
What are antigens?
Antigens are foreign proteins that enter the body through various methods.
152
What does the immune system produce to fight off antigens?
Antibodies or immunoglobulins.
153
What are the 5 antibodies or immunoglobulins?
```
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
```
154
What produces antigens?
B Lymphocytes
155
Where does most of the nutrient absorption takes place?
Small intestine.
156
What are the 2 kinds of glands in the body?
1. Endocrine
| 2. Exocrine
157
Which type of gland are formed in ducts?
Exocrine glands
158
What type of glands are ductless?
Endocrine glands
159
List the 6 Endocrine glands
```
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
Thymus
```
160
List the 3 Exocrine glands
Salivary
Sweat
Digestive
161
List the 6 Hormone producing structures in the body.
```
Adipose tissue (fat)
Small Intestine
Stomach
Kidneys
Heart
Skin
```
162
What are the 3 types of hormones?
Polypeptides
Amino Acid Derivatives
Steroids
163
What are the 2 raw materials needed to make hormones?
Amino acids and cholesterol
164
What is the main function of a hormone?
To increase or decrease the rate of cellular processes.
