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CNS > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Falx cerebrii formed by?

A

Meningeal layer of dura

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2
Q

Infants lumbar tap at which level?

A

Below L4 (column hasn’t outgrown cord yet)

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3
Q

Posterior grey column nuclei locations

A

Substantia gelatinosa group found though out the length of SC and receives pain, temperature, and touch.

Nucleus proprius found throughout the SC and receives proprioception and two-point discrimination information.

Nucleus dorsalis (clark’s column) extends from C8-L4 and receives unconscious proprioception.

Visceral afferent nucleus extend from T1-L3 receives visceral afferent information.

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4
Q

RECAP ALL TRACT IMAGES

A

WEEK ONE

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5
Q

Anulus weak points and neurovascular special characteristic

A

The anulus is thinner posteriorly and may be incomplete posteriorly in the
adult in the cervical region.

The anulus becomes decreasingly vascularized centrally, and only the
outer third of the anulus receives sensory innervation.

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6
Q

Nucleus Pulposus Vascularity

A

The nucleus pulposus is avascular; it receives its nourishment by diffusion from blood vessels at the periphery of the anulus fibrosus and vertebral body.

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7
Q

Lordosis Effect On Muscles

A

This abnormal extension deformity is often associated with weakened trunk musculature, especially the anterolateral abdominal muscles.

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8
Q

Recurrent Meningeal Nerve Extra-vertebral

A

Nerve fibers to the periosteum, anuli fibrosi, and ligaments supply pain receptors.
Those to the anuli fibrosi and ligaments also supply receptors for proprioception (the sense of one’s position).
Sympathetic fibers to the blood vessels stimulate vasoconstriction.

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9
Q

Recurrent Meningeal Nerves receive input from where?

A

Grey rami communicantes

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10
Q

Corticospinal Tract Synapse Points

A

Anterior corticospinal tracts end in upper cervical and thoracic segments

Large fibres synapse directly without interneurons

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11
Q

Tectospinal tract synapse point

A

Upper cervical segments

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12
Q

SC Injury Causes

A

Anterior cord syndrome - anterior artery ischaemia
Central cord syndrome - hyperextension of cervical region
Hemisection/Brown-Sequard syndrome - fracture dislocation of vertebral column
Syringomyelia - developmental abnormality in formation of central canal, most often in brain stem and cervical region

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13
Q

Hypoglossal and vagal trigone locations

A

Hypoglossal above

Vagal below

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14
Q

Vomiting centre

A

Area postrema and solitary tract nucleus

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15
Q

CN 9 Nucleus Ambiguus

A

Stylopharyngeus

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16
Q

CN 9 lesion causes

A

Jugular foramen syndrome, paraganglioma, etc can cause injury to the nerve

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17
Q

Which muscle is NOT supplied by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Palatoglossus

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18
Q

Which muscle is controlled by only contralateral corticonuclear fibres?

A

Genioglossus

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19
Q

Trapezius paralysis

A

Trapezius paralysis causes brachial plexus neuralgia due to drooping of the upper limb which stretches the plexus

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20
Q

What forms the junction between the pons and the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Pons

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21
Q

Trigeminal nerve upper control

A

UMN damage has no significant impact on nerve functions, but bilateral UMN lesion results in loss of UMN control over both trigeminal nerves

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22
Q

Vestibular and cochlear ganglia cell types

A

Vestibular: pseudounipolar

Cochlear: bipolar

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23
Q

Lumbar Tap Position

A

between the spinous processes of the L3 and L4 (or L4 and L5) vertebrae.

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24
Q

Brainstem Blood Supplies

A

Recap the slides from the three week 2 Narayana notes

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25
Q

Midbrain Lesions

A
  1. Weber’s syndrome:
    Structures affected: Oculomotor nerve and corticospinal fibres
    Features: Contralateral hemiplegia and pupil pointing downward and laterally due to III CN injury
  2. Benedikt’s syndrome: Most of tegmentum of midbrain is damaged Structures affected: medial leminiscus, red nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle and III CN
    Features: Loss of proprioception, pupil points downward and laterally, contralateral tremors and twitching due to damage to red nucleus and superior cerebellar peduncle
  3. Perinaud’s syndrome:
    Structure affected: superior colliculi
    Features: Weakness of upward gaze and vertical nystagmus
  4. Argyll Robertson pupil:
    Structure affected: pretectal nucleus
    Features: light reflex is affected, but accommodation reflex is retained
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26
Q

Interpenducular Fossa

A

A wide subarachnoid space with an arterial sulcus

27
Q

Uncus Clinical Significance

A

If there is an increase in the intercranial pressure, the uncus can herniate to the tentorial nerve and compress the crus cerebri and the nerve related to that&raquo_space;> oculomotor and trochlear nerve

28
Q

Corpus Callosum Functions

A

Area 22, 39, 40, 44&45

Coordination of activities of 2 cerebral hemisphere

Transfer of learning process

Transfer of speech function

29
Q

Betz cells

A

giant pyramidal cells, also known as Betz cells, whose cell bodies measure as much as 120 mm and are located in precentral gyrus.

30
Q

Common haemorrhage sites

A

Most common sites of haemorrhage are the basal nuclei, followed by thalamus, cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum.

31
Q

Fate of the cranial accessory nerve

A

Cranial accessory nerve is now considered as a part of the vagus nerve

32
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Extra Innervations

A 
Ventral Respiratory Group
Carotid Sinus (Baroreceptors)
Carotid Body (Chemoreceptors)
33
Q

Which reflex is lost in lateral medullary syndrome and as part of which fibres? What is the other name of the syndrome specific to this finding?

A

Ciliospinal reflex

Horner’s syndrome

34
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia And Herpes Locations

A

Neuralgia: maxillary and mandibular
Herpes: mandible

35
Q

Red nucelus afferents and efferents

A

Lies ventrally, receives afferents from the cerebellum, globus pallidus,
subthalamic nucleus and cerebral cortex. It projects to spinal cord (rubrospinal tract),
reticular formation, thalamus, inferior olivary nucleus and subthalamus. It inhibits
muscle tone

36
Q

Argyll Robertson Syndrome

A

Structure affected: pretectal nucleus

Features: light reflex is affected, but accommodation reflex is retained

37
Q

Costal facet articulates with?

A

Tubercle of rib

38
Q

Rupturing the IV disc posteriorly without fracturing the vertebral body?

A

Chronic or sudden forcible hyperflexion of the cervical region, as might occur during a head-on collision or during illegal head blocking in football

39
Q

Caudal epidural anaesthesia effect range

A

The agent spreads superiorly and extradurally, where it acts on the S2– Co1 spinal nerves of the cauda equina.

40
Q

Muscle joint information from cerebellum sections

A

Ant. spinocerebellar - upper and lower limbs, also skin and superficial fascia information

Post. spinocerebellar - trunk and lower limbs

Cuneocerebellar - upper limb and upper part of the thorax

41
Q

Transverse Sinus Supratentorial And Infratentorial Drainages

A

Supratentorial: occipital lobe
Infratentorial: superior cerebellar vein

42
Q

Which part of the internal carotid artery is susceptible for aneurysm?

A

Cavernous part of the internal carotid artery is susceptible for aneurysm

43
Q

Hippocampus development

A

Starts on medial surface then goes to lateral surface

44
Q

Structures formed by alar plate with contribution from basal plate

A

Red nuclei and substantia nigra

45
Q

Which part of the hippocampus is involved in neurogenesis?

A

Granular layer of dentate gyrus

46
Q

What type of sensations or perceived in the thalamus and what is their magnitude?

A

crude sensations of pain and temperature and they are perceived portly

47
Q

Thalamic pain syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy disease) artery affected (mainly)

A

Thalamogeniculate arteries

48
Q

Directions of collateral and occipito-temporal sulci

A

Collateral: antero-posterior

Occipito-temporal: postero-anterior

49
Q

What does the stem of the lateral sulcus lie on?

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone

50
Q

What is the significance of the posterior commissure?

A

Bilateral pupillary light reflex - mediates consensual pupillary light reflex by connecting pretectal nuclei

51
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A

Middle and inferior temporal gyri - pain sensation especially sharp, acute pain as well as decussating fibres of olfactory tracts for smell and chemoreception

52
Q

What is the only sensation that does not pass through the thalamus?

A

Olfactory

53
Q

What is the pigment found in rods cells and what nutrient is required for this pigment?

A

Rhodopsin, needs vitamin A

54
Q

What is the main refractive medium in the eye?

A

Cornea

55
Q

Origin and path of ICA

A

The internal carotid arteries (ICA) originate at the bifurcation of the left and
right common carotid arteries, at the level of the fourth cervical vertebrae (C4).

They move superiorly within the carotid sheath, and enter the brain via the carotid
canal of the temporal bone.

56
Q

Vessel rupture + type of haemorrhage

A

Rupture of cerebral arteries - Subarachnoid bleeding
Rupture of meningeal arteries – Extradural bleeding
Rupture of superior cerebral (bridging) veins – Subdural bleeding

57
Q

Cerebellar efferent to vestibular pathway

A

Some Purkinje cell axons pass directly out of
the cerebellum to the lateral vestibular
nucleus

58
Q

What separates structures in the cavernous sinus from the sinus?

A

Endothelial lining

59
Q

Trigeminal area and back of the scalp/neck area

A

Trigeminal area - supratentorial innervation

Back of the scalp/neck area - infratentorial innervation

60
Q

Role of claustrum?

A

Consciousness

61
Q

brainstem striatal fibre neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin

62
Q

Pallidothalamic fibres

A

Ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus to form the thalamic fasciculis

63
Q

Motor and associative/cognitive connections to BG

A

Motor: postcommissural putamen

Associative/cognitive: precommissural putamen (and caudste in general)

64
Q

BG Cholinergic interneurons

A

These neurons do not leave the striatum
They synapse on GABAergic striatal neurons that project to the GPi and on the striatal neurons that project to the GPe
They inhibit striatal cells of the direct pathway and excite striatal cells of the indirect pathway (opposite of dopamine)
So they’re favoring the indirect pathway

CNS (8 decks)

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