Anatomy

Question 1

Position - Key Term.

Answer 1

Reference when describing the relationship of structures to one another.

Question 2

Median Plane - Key Term.

Answer 2

Line through the centre of the body through navel (belly button) -> Even L+R

Question 3

Sagittal/Parasagitall Plane - Key Term.

Answer 3

Parallel to median plane -> Uneven L+R

Question 4

Coronal Plane - Key Term.

Answer 4

Vertical plane anterior + posterior (front to back) portions

Question 5

Transverse Plane - Key Term.

Answer 5

Horizontal plane passing through the body superior + inferior portions

Question 6

Superior/Rostral - Relationship Term.

Answer 6

Nearer to the head

Question 7

Inferior/Caudal - Relationship Term.

Answer 7

Nearer to the feet

Question 8

Posterior/Dorsal - Relationship Term.

Answer 8

Nearer to the back

Question 9

Anterior/Ventral - Relationship Term.

Answer 9

Nearer to the front

Question 10

Medial - Relationship Term.

Answer 10

Nearer to the median plane

Question 11

Lateral - Relationship Term.

Answer 11

Further from median plane

Question 12

Proximal - Relationship Term.

Answer 12

Nearer to the trunk/point of origin

Question 13

Distal - Relationship Term.

Answer 13

Further from trunk/point of origin

Question 14

Superficial - Relationship Term.

Answer 14

Nearer the surface

Question 15

Deep - Relationship Term.

Answer 15

Further from the surface

Question 16

Internal - Relationship Term.

Answer 16

Inside centre of organ/cavity

Question 17

External - Relationship Term.

Answer 17

Outside centre of organ/cavity

Question 18

Ipsilateral - Relationship Term.

Answer 18

Same side of the body

Question 19

Contralateral - Relationship Term.

Answer 19

Opposite side of the body

Question 20

Supine - Relationship Term.

Answer 20

Body lying on back (face up)

Question 21

Prone - Relationship Term.

Answer 21

Body lying on front (face down)

Question 22

Define Anatomy.

Answer 22

The study of the body

Question 23

Define Gross/Macroscopy.

Answer 23

Large structures + features visible with the unaided eye

• Surface anatomy
• Regional anatomy (thorax/abdomen)
• Systemic anatomy

Question 24

Define Microscopy.

Answer 24

Examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification

• Histology (cells + tissues)
• High resolution imaging (microCT)

Question 25

Describe the 4 Organisation Levels.

Answer 25

Cellular Level - Basic unit of all living things (excl. viruses)
Tissue Level - A group of similar cells working together to perform one or more specific function
Organ Level - Two+ tissues working in combination to perform specific tasks (heart, bone, muscles)
Organ System Level - Organs interacting (MSK, cardiac)

Question 26

Describe Epithelial Tissue.

Answer 26

Covers whole body surface
Found in outer layer of skin, lining of blood cavities, blood + lymph vessels
Some are specialised for secreation
Protect exposed + internal surface from abrasion, dehydration + destruction
Can proliferate to produce new cells when damaged/worn

Develop from all 3 embryonic germ layers

• Ectoderm - Epidermis
• Mesoderm - Heart + vessel lining
• Endoderm - Respiratory + GI lining

Question 27

Describe Connective Tissue.

Answer 27

Connects all epithelial tissue to the rest of the body
Has a connective + supportive function
Not exposed to outside environment
Many are highly vascular + contain sensory receptors
Cartilage, tendon, fascia + blood

Develop from embryonic mesoderm layer

Function:
Transporting fluids + dissolved material (blood)
Protect delicate organs
Defend body against invading microorganisms

Question 28

Describe Muscles Tissue.

Answer 28

Specialised to contract + produce movement
Skeletal, smooth + cardiac

Develop from embryonic mesoderm layer

Function:
Skeletal - Produce voluntary movement of skeleton (MSK)
Cardiac - Propel blood through the body (CVS)
Smooth - Digestion + Excretion (GI + US)
- Found in blood vessels (CVS)

Question 29

Describe Nervous/Neural Tissue.

Answer 29

Specialised to conduct electrical impulses
98% concentrated in brain + spinal cord

Develop from embryonic ectoderm layer

Question 30

Describe the Thorax. - Regional Anatomy

Answer 30

Between neck + abdomen
Separated from abdomen by diaphragm
Body thoracic cage
Thoracic cavity

Question 31

Describe the Abdomen + Pelvis. - Regional Anatomy

Answer 31

Above by diaphragm + below pelvic diaphragm

Abdomen proper + Pelvic cage

Question 32

Describe Head + Neck. - Regional Anatomy

Answer 32

Skull, Cranial cavity

Face + Neck

Question 33

Describe the Limbs. - Regional Anatomy

Answer 33

Upper limbs attached to trunk by pectoral girdle

Lower limbs attached to trunk by pelvic girdle

Question 34

State the 2 components of the Skeletal System.

Answer 34

Cartilage + Bone

Question 35

Describe Cartilage.

Answer 35

A form of connective tissue - Semi rigid yet flexible
- Forms part of bones which require more flexibility (joints)

Composed of: Chondrocytes cells -> Collagen extracellular matrix

Is avascular (no blood vessels)
Chondrocytes are nourished via diffusion from external capillaries

Question 36

Describe Bone.

Answer 36

Calcified, living connective tissue -> forms skeleton
Intracellular calcified matrix, contains collagen fibres + other cells

Functions:
Support for the body
Protects vital organs
Storage of minerals
Levers on muscles to produce movement
Blood producing cell (haematopoiesis)