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GastroIntestinal > Anatomy 11 > Flashcards

Anatomy 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the oesophagus pass through?

A

Passes through the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm at the level of T10

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2
Q

What does the muscle around the hiatus do?

A

Functions as a sphincter that prevents reflux of stomach contents into the oesophagus

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3
Q

How long is the abdominal segment of the oesophagus?

A

Less than 2 centimetres long

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4
Q

What is the distal oesophagus supplied by?

A

Supplied by branches from the left gastric artery

Its venous drainage is towards both the systemic system of veins (via oesophageal veins that
drain into the azygos vein) and to the portal venous system (via the left gastric veins).

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5
Q

What is the distal oesophagus a site of ?

A

Portosystemic anastomoses

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6
Q

What is the stomach?

A

The stomach is a J-shaped sac that expands to accommodate food and fluid.

The stomach chemically and mechanically breaks down food into chyme.

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7
Q

What is the most superior part of the stomach?

A

The fundus. It lies superior to the level of entry of the oesophagus and is usually filled with gas

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8
Q

What is the largest part of the stomach?

A

The body

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9
Q

What part is found distal to the body?

A

Pyloric Part

The pyloric antrum is wide and tapers towards the pyloric canal, which is narrow and contains the pyloric sphincter.

The sphincter is a formed of circular smooth muscle. It regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum

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10
Q

What is the right border of the stomach?

A

Lesser curvature

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11
Q

What is the longer left border of the stomach?

A

Greater curvature

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12
Q

What is the oesophagus continuous with?

A

The cardia of the stomach

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13
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Left Upper Quadrant

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14
Q

What is the stomach covered by?

A

Visceral Peritoneum

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15
Q

What is the anterior surface of the stomach related to?

A

Related to the anterior abdominal wall, diaphragm, and left lobe of the liver

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16
Q

What does the posterior surface of the stomach form?

A

The anterior wall of the lesser sac

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17
Q

Where does the lesser sac, pancreas, left kidney and spleen lie in relevance to the stomach?

A

Posterior

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18
Q

What does the lesser omentum do?

A

Connects the lesser curvature to the liver

19
Q

What does the free edge of the lesser omentum contain?

A

Contains the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and the bile duct

20
Q

What is found posterior to the free edge?

A

The entrance to the lesser sac

21
Q

Where does the greater omentum hang from?

A

From the greater curvature

22
Q

What is the stomach supplied by?

A

Arteries that branch from the coeliac trunk

23
Q

What is the coeliac trunk?

A

The coeliac trunk is one of three large unpaired vessels that leave the anterior aspect of the
abdominal aorta (at the level of T12) to supply the abdominal viscera that are derived from the embryological foregut.

24
Q

What does the foregut comprise of?

A

Comprises the stomach, the first half of the duodenum, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

25
Q

Where does the spleen develop?

A

Develops in the dorsal mesentery

26
Q

What is the spleen supplied by?

A

Supplied by the coeliac trunk, but it is mesodermal in origin

27
Q

What is the coeliac trunk?

A

A short stump; that divides into three branches close to the aorta

28
Q

What does the coeliac trunk divide into?

A

The left gastric artery
The common hepatic artery
The splenic artery

29
Q

What do the left and right gastric arteries run along?

A

Runs along the lesser curvature of the stomach and anastomose with each other

30
Q

Where does the left gastric artery arise from?

A

Arises from the coeliac trunk

31
Q

Where does the right gastric artery arise from?

A

Arises from the common hepatic artery

32
Q

What do the right and left gastric veins and right and left gastro-omental veins do?

A

Accompany the left and right gastro-omental arteries

They ultimately drain into the hepatic portal vein (HPV).

33
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

Large vein that carries nutrient-rich venous blood from
the GI tract to the liver

34
Q

What does the vagus nerve convey to the stomach?

A

Conveys parasympathetic fibres

35
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation in the stomach promote?

A

Promotes peristalsis and gastric secretion

36
Q

How are sympathetic fibres conveyed to the stomach?

A

Via the greater splanchnic nerve

37
Q

What is the greater splanchnic nerve formed of?

A

Formed of preganglionic sympathetic fibres that
leave spinal cord segments T5-T9 and pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing.

38
Q

What do the sympathetic fibres synapse in?

A

Synapse in prevertebral ganglia around the coeliac trunk

39
Q

Where do the postganglionic fibres travel to?

A

Travel to the stomach and inhibit peristalsis and secretion

40
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

The abdominal oesophagus and upper part of the stomach may herniate through the oesophageal hiatus into the thorax.

If contents of the stomach reflux into the oesophagus the patient may experience heartburn (a burning feeling in the chest after eating) and acid reflux (regurgitation of bitter fluid).

41
Q

What is a gastric ulcer?

A

Mucous lines the internal wall of the stomach and protects the mucosa from the acidic stomach contents.

A gastric (stomach) ulcer develops when the mucosal lining of the stomach breaks down.
This is normally due to infection with Helicobacter
pylori, which erodes the mucosal lining, exposing the muscular wall to gastric acid and enzymes.

Erosion through the wall and into nearby blood vessels can result in catastrophic intra-abdominal bleeding.

42
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

This is a congenital malformation characterised by hypertrophy of the circular smooth muscle of the pyloric sphincter.

It is more common in baby boys than girls and typically presents at approximately six weeks after birth.

The typical presentation is of vomiting (sometimes projectile) after feeds, but the baby does not appear
unwell and is hungry and willing to take more feeds.

With continued vomiting, babies with pyloric stenosis become dehydrated and stop gaining weight.
It can be treated surgically.

43
Q

What is gastric cancer?

A

Primary cancer of the stomach may present late as some of the symptoms are nonspecific.

Symptoms include abdominal discomfort, early satiety (feeling full quickly), loss of appetite, nausea, weight loss, difficulty swallowing and indigestion.

GastroIntestinal (19 decks)

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