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Cardiovascular System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

It is the space between both pleural capillaries

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2
Q

What is the superior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The oblique plane passing from the jugular notch upward

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3
Q

What is the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The superior border of T1

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4
Q

What is the inferior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

The transverse plane passing from the sternal angle to the intervertebral disc T4-T5

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5
Q

What are the major structures of the superior mediastinum?

A

The thymus gland, the esophagus, the trachea and the thoracic duct

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6
Q

What vessels are located in the superior mediastinum?

A

The left/right brachiocephalic veins, the left superior intercostal vein, the superior vena cava, the arch of the aorta and its 3 main branches

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7
Q

What nerves are found in the superior mediastinum?

A

The phrenic nerves, the vagus nerves and the left recurrent laryngeal branch of the left vagus nerve

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8
Q

What is the most anterior component of the mediastinum?

A

The Thymus

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9
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

It is involved in the early development of the immune system

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10
Q

What arteries supply the thymus?

A

The small branches of the internal thoracic arteries

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11
Q

What vein drains the thymus?

A

The left brachiocephalic vein

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12
Q

What lymph nodes drain the thymus?

A

The Parasternal and Tracheobroncial Lymph Nodes

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13
Q

What is immediately posterior to the thymus?

A

The Brachiocephalic Veins

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14
Q

What passes over the left side of the aortic arch?

A

The Left Suprior Intercostal Vein

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15
Q

What are the rising branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

The Brachiocephalic Trunk, the Left Common Carotid Artery and the Left Subclavian Artery

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16
Q

What lies between the Pulmonary Artery and the Arch of the Aorta?

A

The Ligamentum Arteriosum

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17
Q

What is innervated by the Vagus Nerve?

A

The Esophagus, the Cardiac Plexus and the Pulmonary Plexus

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18
Q

What lies lateral to the Ligamentum Arteriosum?

A

The Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

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19
Q

Where does the Vagus Nerve originate?

A

It is the Tenth Cranial Nerve

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20
Q

What does the Phrenic Nerve originate from?

A

The Anterior Rami of C3-C5

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21
Q

What does the Phrenic Nerve innervate?

A

The diaphragm, the fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium

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22
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm?

A

The inferior vena cava opening

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23
Q

Where does the left phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm?

A

Near the apex of the heart

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24
Q

What is the major lymphatic vessel in the body?

A

The Thoracic Duct

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25
Where does the thoracic duct lie?
It passes through the posterior portion of the superior mediastinum
26
Where is the Anterior Mediastinum?
Posterior to the body of the sternum and anterior to the pericardial sac
27
What is located in the Middle Mediastinum?
The Pericardium, the Heart, the Origins of the great vessels and various nerves
28
What defines the boundaries of the middle mediastinum?
The Fibrous Pericardium
29
What are the layers of the Serous Pericardium?
The Parietal Layer and the Visceral Layer
30
What innervates the Fibrous Pericardium?
The Phrenic Nerves
31
What supplies the Fibrous Pericardium?
The Pericardiacophrenic Vessels
32
Where is the Posterior Mediastinum?
Posterior to the pericardial sac and Diaphragm
33
Where is the Esophagus located?
In the Posterior Mediastinum
34
What supplies the esophagus?
The Thoracic aorta, the Branchial arteries and the ascending branches of the left gastric artery
35
What drains the esophagus?
The Azygous vein, the Hemizygous vein and the oesophageal branches of the left gastric vein in the abdomen
36
Where is the Heart found?
The pericardial cavity
37
What is the pericardium innervated by?
The Vagus Nerves, the Phrenic nerves and the Sympathetic trunks
38
What are the pericardial sinuses?
The Oblique Sinus and the Transverse Pericardial Sinus
39
What is the posterior part of the heart made of?
The Left Atrium and part of the Right Atrium as well as the proximal part of the great veins
40
What is the anterior part of the Heart made up of?
The Right Ventricle and part of the Right Atrium and the Left Ventricle
41
Where does the heart rest in the anatomical position?
The Diaphragmatic surface
42
What is the diaphragmatic surface made up of?
The Left Ventricle and a small portion of the Right Ventricle
43
What are the External Sulci?
The Coronary Sulcus and the Anterior/Posterior Interventricular Sulci
44
What does the Coronary Sulcus contain?
The Right Coronary Artery, the Small Cardiac Vein, the Coronary Sinus and the Circumflex branch of the Left Coronary Artery
45
What does the Anterior Interventricular Sulci contain?
The Anterior Interventricular Artery and the Great Cardiac Vein
46
What does the Posterior Interventricular Sulcus contain?
The Posterior Interventricular Artery and the Middle Cardiac Vein
47
What does the Right Atrium receive blood from?
The Superior Vena Cava, the Inferior Vena Cava and the Coronary Sulcus
48
What is the function of the Tricuspid Valve?
It prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium
49
What divides the parts of the right atrium externally?
The Sulcus Terminalis Cordis
50
What divides the parts of the right atrium internally?
The crista terminalis
51
What is the space posterior to the crista terminalis?
The sinus of the venae cavae
52
What is the space anterior to the crista terminalis?
The atrium proper
53
How are the walls in the sinus of the vanae cavae?
They are smooth and thin
54
How are the walls in the atrium proper?
They are covered by the pectinate muscles
55
What is the right auricle?
It is an ear-like conical muscular pouch that externally overlaps the ascending aorta
56
What separates the atria?
The Interatrial Septum
57
What is found on the interatrial septum?
The fossa ovalis
58
What is found on the walls of the right ventricle?
Trabeculae carnae
59
What muscles are found on the walls of the ventricles?
Papillary muscles
60
What do the papillary muscles attach to?
Chordae Tendineae
61
What do the chordae tendineae attach to?
The heart valves Tricuspid in the right ventricle Mitral in the left ventricle
62
What are the papillary muscles of the right ventricle?
The anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscles
63
What are the cusps of the tricuspid valve?
The anterior, posterior and septal cusps
64
What is the infundibulum?
It is the outflow tract of the right ventricle
65
What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
It allows/restricts blood flow into the pulmonary trunk
66
What are the cusps of the pulmonary valve?
The anterior, right and left semilunar cusps
67
What does the left atrium receive?
The 4 pulmonary veins
68
Does the left atrium contain pectinate muscles?
Yes
69
What can be found on the intertribal septum in the left atrium?
The valve of the foramen ovale
70
Which compartment of the heart has the thickest layer of myocardium?
The left ventricle
71
What is the aortic vestibule?
It is the outflow tract of the left ventricle
72
What are the papillary muscles of the left ventricle?
The anterior and posterior papillary muscles
73
What are the parts of the interventricular septum?
The muscular and membranous parts
74
What is the function of the mitral valve?
It prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium
75
What is the function of the aortic valve?
It allows/restricts blood flow into the aorta
76
What are the semilunar cusps of the aortic valve?
The right, left and posterior semilunar cusps
77
What is unique about the cusps of the aortic valve?
They contain the aortic sinuses
78
What is the function of the aortic sinuses?
They force blood into the coronary arteries
79
What are the anulus fibrosis?
They form the cardiac skeleton
80
What connects the annulus fibrosis?
The right and left fibrous trigone
81
What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?
1. To maintain the stability and diameter of the orifices 2. To provide points of attachment for the cusps 3. To electrically isolate the atria from the ventricles
82
What passes through the cardiac skeleton?
The bundle of His
83
What supplies the cardiac muscles?
The coronary arteries
84
What drains the cardiac muscles?
The coronary veins
85
What do the coronary arteries give off?
The marginal and interventricular branches of the coronary arteries
86
Where do the coronary veins empty?
The coronary sinus
87
Where does the coronary sinus empty?
The right atrium
88
What are the branches of the right coronary arteries?
The sinn-atrial nodal branch, the right marginal branch and the posterior interventricular branch
89
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
The anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch
90
What are the cardiac veins?
The great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein and the posterior cardiac vein
91
What innervates the heart?
The peripheral nervous system
92
What is the function of parasympathetic innervation on the heart?
It decreases heart rate and force of contraction and causes vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries
93
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?
It increases heart rate and force of contraction
94
What does the parasympathetic innervation of the heart originate as?
The right and left vagus nerve
95
What does the sympathetic innervation of the heart originate as?
The cardiac nerves of the sympathetic trunk
96
What are the visceral afferents of the heart?
The cardiac nerves of the sympathetic trunk and the vagal cardiac branch
97
What part of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?
The anterior part of the left ventricle

Cardiovascular System (3 decks)

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