Anatomy

Question 1

what is the difference between thick and thin skin?

Answer 1

the epidermis of thick skin is larger than in thin skin

Question 2

what three elements comprise the skin?

Answer 2

epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

Question 3

what does stratified mean?

Answer 3

many layers

Question 4

how do squamous cells look?

Answer 4

flat egg shaped

Question 5

how do columnar cells look?

Answer 5

vertical cuboid/ column

Question 6

how do cuboidal cells look?

Answer 6

horizontal cuboid

Question 7

what are the four types of tissues?

Answer 7

connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve

Question 8

what are the four layers of skin?

Answer 8

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

Question 9

a) describe the stratum corneum?
b) how far is it from the dermis?
c) what type of cells are located there?
d) how are the cells structured?
e) how is the nourishment for these cells received?

Answer 9

a) the outermost layer of skin
b) the furthest away for the dermis
c) dead cells with no nucleus, squamous shaped
d) many layers of cells in close approximity
e) nourishment received from the dermis

Question 10

describe the 5 stages of keratinocyte development and mention in which layer each one occurs

p.s - stage four is only in thick skin

Answer 10

1. stratum basale - stem cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata.
2. stratum spinosum - keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate
3. stratum granulosum - keratohylain (protein that sticks cells together) and a hard envelope form; lamellar bodies release lipids, cells die
   STAGE FOUR ONLY IN THICK SKIN
4. stratum lucidum - dead cells containing dispersed keratohylain
5. dead cells with a hard protein envelope; the cells contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids

Question 11

what are the two indistinct layers in the dermis?
what are the characteristics of these layers?

Answer 11

papillary layer - superficial region that interdigitates with epidermal ridges
reticular layer- deeper region that is attached to underlying hypodermis

Question 12

what is abundant in the dermis, what type of cell produces it and why?

Answer 12

collagen with less elastin and reticular fibres
collagen production is carried out by
fibroblast cells

Question 13

what is the hypodermis?

Answer 13

also known as subcutaneous tissue and is not a part of true skin; mostly made up of adipose tissue.

Question 14

what is the use of the hypodermis?

Answer 14

provides padding to the body and helps skin anchor to underlying tissues
subcutaneous fat allows for thermal insulation and provides an energy reservoir.

Question 15

what are epidermal appendages?

Answer 15

derive from epidermis but live in the dermis

Question 16

give three examples of epidermal appendages

Answer 16

sebaceous gland and hair follicle
eccrine sweat gland
apocrine sweat gland

Question 17

give three examples of unencapsulated receptors

Answer 17

merkel cells with ass. nerve discs – light touch
root hair plexus – movements in hairs
free nerve endings – temperature, pain, itching

Question 18

describe the anatomical position

Answer 18

facing forward, straight on and palms facing front

Question 19

describe the prone position

Answer 19

lying on their front

Question 20

describe the supine postion

Answer 20

lying on their back
e.g. Supine is on your Spine

Question 21

what is a transverse plane?

Answer 21

A transverse plane divides the
body into upper and lower
(superior and inferior) parts.

Question 22

what is a coronal plane?

Answer 22

A coronal plane divides the
body into front and back
(anterior and posterior) parts

Question 23

what is a sagittal plane?

Answer 23

A sagittal plane divides the
body into right and left parts.

Question 24

what is the mid-sagittal/median plane?

Answer 24

sagittal cut in the middle

Question 25

what is the parasagittal/paramedial plane?

Answer 25

sagittal cut parallel to the median plane

Question 26

what do the folllowing terms mean: proximal? distal? median? medial? lateral? superficial? deep? anterior? posterior?

Answer 26

nearer to trunk further to trunk in midline nearer to median plane further for median plane nearer the body surface further from the body surface front back

Question 27

what is meant when something is unilateral?

Answer 27

on only one side

Question 28

what is meant when something is bilateral?

Answer 28

paired on both sides

Question 29

what is meant when something is ipsilateral?

Answer 29

on the same side

Question 30

what is meant when something is contralateral?

Answer 30

on opposing sides

Question 31

what does psuedostratified mean?

Answer 31

seems like multiple layers, but is just one layer of cells

Question 32

what do transitional cells look like?

Answer 32

have the ability to have two shapes one relaxed and one stretched.

Question 33

what three things do we look for when classing epithelium?

Answer 33

number of cell layers shape of the outermost cell surface specialisations

Question 34

what are the two classifications of glands?

Answer 34

endocrine and exocrine

Question 35

what are the three types of exocrine gland classification? (secretion)

Answer 35

mucous glands serous glands seromucous glands

Question 36

what are the two types of ducts and secretory units in exocrine glands?

Answer 36

simple and compound ducts they can either be acinar or tubular

Question 37

which cells stain darker, serous or mucous?

Answer 37

serous

Question 38

what are the three types of secretion methods? what do they mean?

Answer 38

holocrine - discharge of the whole cell merocrine - exocytosis of vesicles apocrine - discharge of unbroken, membrane bound vesicles

Question 39

give three adhesion specialisations of the epithelia

Answer 39

tight junctions, adhering junctions and desmosomes

Question 40

give three functions of the basement membrane

Answer 40

any three from: defines cell polarity promotes cell survival served as highways for cell migration acts as scaffolding to regenerating cells during neuronal damage

Question 41

what are the three types of muscle?

Answer 41

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Question 42

what is skeletal muscle also known as?

Answer 42

striated/voluntary muscle

Question 43

what is skeletal muscle normally attached to?

Answer 43

bone

Question 44

what are the three main histological features of skeletal muscle?

Answer 44

the myofibres have cross striations the myofibres are long, i branches and multinucleated nuclei occur at the periphery of fibre

Question 45

list the hierarchy of skeletal muscle

Answer 45

muscle muscle fasciculus muscle fibre myofibrils myofilaments

Question 46

list the three types of connective tissue between muscle

Answer 46

epimysium perimysium endomysium

Question 47

where is epimysium located?

Answer 47

outside the entire muscle

Question 48

where is perimysium located?

Answer 48

surrounds each fascicle

Question 49

where is endomysium located ?

Answer 49

between each fibre

Question 50

list the components of a sarcomere

Answer 50

z line, i band, a band, m line, actin and myosin dark and light filaments

Question 51

what is a sarcomere

Answer 51

located between two z lines functional unit of striated muscle

Question 52

list the three ultra structural features of skeletal muscle.

Answer 52

sarcolemma t - tubules sarcoplasm

Question 53

what is the sarcolemma?

Answer 53

plasma membrane of the fibre

Question 54

what is the sarcoplasm?

Answer 54

cytoplasm in which myofibrils, numerous mitrochondria, sarcoplasm if reticulum and myoglobin is located within

Question 55

what are t - tubules?

Answer 55

large invaginations of the sarcolemma which carries waves of depolarisation into the fibre

Question 56

what are the histological features of cardiac muscle?

Answer 56

striated - has dark and light bands branched cells joined together by a intercalated disc nucleus positioned centrally in fibre