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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Develop when?

A

Weeks 4 and 5

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2
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Arch 1 develops when?

A

Day 22

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3
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Arch 2 and 3 develop when?

A

Day 24

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4
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Arch 4 and 6 develop when?

A

Day 29

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5
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - 3 main components

A

Core pharyngeal arch
External pharyngeal cleft
Internal pharyngeal pouch

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6
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Core pharyngeal arch is derived from what?

A

Mesenchymal tissue

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7
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - External pharyngeal cleft is derived from what?

A

Ectoderm

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8
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Internal pharyngeal pouch is derived from what?

A

Endoderm

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9
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - The core of mesenchyme for the core arch is derived from what?

A

Paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm

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10
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Core Pharyngeal Arch mesoderm forms what?

A

Musculature of the head and neck

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11
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Neural crest cells form what? (2)

A

Connective tissues
Smooth muscles

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12
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal Arches - Cranial nerve component forms what?

A

Sensory and motor innervation

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13
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Cranial portion is called what?

A

Maxillary process

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14
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Maxillary process forms what skeletal derivatives? (2)

A

Maxilla
Zygomatic bone

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15
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Caudal portion is called what skeletal derivatives?

A

Mandibular process

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16
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Manibular process forms what skeletal derivatives? (5)

A

Meckel’s Cartilage
Incus
Malleus
Mandible
Squamous portion of the temporal bone

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17
Q

Embryology: 1st Arch - Meckel’s Cartilage function

A

Stimulates the bone formation of the mandible

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18
Q

Embryology: 2nd Arch - Cartilage of this arch is caused what?

A

Reichert’s Cartilage

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19
Q

Embryology: 2nd Arch - What skeletal derivatives does it form? (5)

A

Stapes
Styloid process of the temporal bone
Stylohyoid ligament
Lesser horn of Hyoid Bone
Upper part of the Hyoid body

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20
Q

Embryology: 3rd Arch - Forms what skeletal derivatives? (2)

A

Greater horn
Lower part of the hyoid bone

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21
Q

Embryology: 4th and 6th Arches - Form what skeletal derivatives?

A

Laryngeal Cartilages

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22
Q

Embryology: Neural Derivative of 1st arch

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Maxillary and Mandibular Divisions

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23
Q

Embryology: Neural Derivative of 2nd arch

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

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24
Q

Embryology: Neural Derivative of 3rd Arch

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

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25
Embryology: Neural Derivative of 4th and 6th Arches
Vagus Nerve: - 4th Superior Laryngeal Branch - 6th Inferior Laryngeal Branch
26
Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 1st arch (5)
Muscles of mastication Anterior belly of the digastric Mylohyoid Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini
27
Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 2nd arch (5)
Muscles of facial expression Posterior belly of digastric Stylohyoid Stapedius Auricular muscles
28
Embryology: Muscular Derivative of 3rd Arch
Stylopharyngeus - elevates the pharynx during swallowing
29
Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 4th and 6th Pharyngeal Arches (5)
Levator veli palatini Salpingopharyngeus Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus 3 pharyngeal constrictors Intrinsic muscles of the larynx - only one from arch 6
30
Cervical cysts and fistulas are found where?
Along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
31
Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 1st arch are supplied by what nerve?
CN IV - Trigeminal Nerve 3
32
Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 2nd arch are supplied by what nerve?
CN VII - Facial Nerve
33
Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 3rd arch are supplied by what nerve?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
34
Embryology: Muscular Derivatives of 4th and 6th Arches are supplied by what nerve?
CN X - Vagus Nerve
35
Pharyngeal Clefts: What type of structure is this?
External indentation
36
Pharyngeal Clefts: 1st cleft invaginates to give rise to what?
External Acoustic Meatus
37
Pharyngeal Clefts: 2nd to 4th cleft forms what?
Cervical sinus via loss of contact with periphery
38
Cervical Cysts and Fistulas: Why do these form?
Due to failure of obliteration of the 2nd to 4th cleft
39
Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 1st pouch forms what? (3)
Tympanic membrane Middle ear Eustachian tube
40
Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 2nd pouch forms what?
Palatine tonsil
41
Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 3rd pouch forms what? (2)
Superior portion forms inferior parathyroid gland Inferior portion forms the Thymus
42
Embryology: Pharyngeal Pouches - 4th pouch forms what? (2)
Superior parathyroid gland Ultimobranchial body - Thyroid gland C-cells
43
Embryology: The Tongue - Usually develops when?
Week 4
44
Embryology: The Tongue - In week 4 appears in what form
Two lateral lingual swellings joined by the tuberculum impar and a midline swelling
45
Embryology: The Tongue - After 4 weeks what develops?
The copula and epiglottal midline swellings
46
Embryology: The Tongue - Anterior mucosa is derived from what?
CN V3
47
Embryology: The Tongue - Posterior mucosa is derived from what?
CN IX
48
Embryology: The Tongue - Myoblasts originate from where?
Occipital somites
49
Embryology: The Tongue - Myoblasts receive innervation from what?
CN XII
50
Embryology: The Tongue - Developed from what pharyngeal arches?
1st and 3rd pharyngeal arches
51
Embryology: The Thyroid Gland - Migrates down what?
Thyroglossal duct
52
Embryology: The Thyroid Gland - What may remain as a remnant? (3)
Pyramidal lobe Thyroglossal cysts Foramen cecum
53
Embryology: Facial Features - Ventral Facial Features develop from what?
Pharyngeal arches 1 and 2
54
Embryology: Facial Features - Upper and Mid-Facial Structures develop from what?
Proliferating mesenchyme ventral to the developing brain
55
Embryology: Facial Swellings - Week 4 has how many swellings present - and what are they?
5 - Frontonasal prominence, Maxillary Prominence (x 2) and Mandibular Prominence (x2)
56
Embryology: Facial Swellings - Week 5 has how many swellings present - and what are they?
4 - Medial Nasal swellings (x 2) and Lateral Nasal Swellings (x 2)
57
Embryology: Facial Swellings - In week 7 what develops?
Nasolacrimal gland
58
Embryology: Facial Swellings - Nasolacrimal gland is located where?
Between the maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal prominence
59
Stomodeum
Primitive membrane that surrounds the primitive oral cavity
60
What forms the nasal placodes?
Ectodermal thickenings on the frontonasal prominence
61
Embryology: Nasolacrimal Groove - At week 7 what happens to the nasolacrimal groove?
Invaginates to form the solid epithelial cord in the floor of the groove
62
Embryology: Nasolacrimal Groove - What eventually happens to the solid epithelial cord?
Detaches from the ectoderm
63
Embryology: Nasolacrimal Groove - What process enables formation of the nasolacrimal duct?
Canalisation
64
Embryology: Facial Features - Upper Lip Components (2)
2x Medial Nasal Prominences 2x Maxillary Prominences
65
Embryology: Facial Features - Lower Lip Component
Mandibular prominences
66
Embryology: Facial Features - Nasal features (3)
Frontonasal prominence - bridge and nasal septum Medial nasal prominences - crest and tip Lateral nasal prominences - alae (the sides)
67
Embryology: The Palate - Primary palate formed how?
Fusion of the medial nasal prominences to give the intermaxillary segment
68
Embryology: The Palate - The labial portion of the intermaxillary segment forms what?
Philtrum of the upper lip
69
Embryology: The Palate - The upper jaw component of the intermaxillary segment carries what?
4 incisors
70
Embryology: The Palate - The palatal component of the intermaxillary segment forms what?
Primary palate
71
Embryology: The Secondary Palate - Right and Left Palatal Shelves develop where?
Laterally and parallel to the tongue
72
Embryology: The Secondary Palate - Right and Left palatal shelves fuse at the centre and then do what?
Expand anteriorly and posteriorly
73
Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - When does development begin?
Late in the 5th week of gestation
74
Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs within the fifth week?
Nasal pits deepen and penetrate into the underlying mesenchyme with forward growth of the frontonasal prominence The nasal fin connects the intermaxillary segement
75
Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs in the sixth week?
Nasal fin vacuolizes and thins to open the developing nasal sac
76
Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs early in week seven?
Nasal cavities communicate with the oral cavity via the primitive chonanae behind the primary palate
77
Embryology: The Nasal Cavities - What occurs late in week seven?
Definitive choanae open at junction of nasal cavity with pharynx due to formation of secondary palate
78
Neurocranium
Bones surrounding the brain
79
Viscerocranium
Bones making up the facial skeleton
80
Contents of the Internal Acoustic Meatus (3)
CN VII - Facial Nerve CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve Labyrinthine Artery and Veins
81
Labyrinthine artery is a branch of what?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery of the circle of willis
82
The Nose: Osseocartilaginous Cavities - What are the three chambers?
Nasal vestibules Respiratory regions Olfactory regions
83
The Nose: Osseocartilaginous Cavities - Lined by what?
Mucosa
84
The Nose: Osseocartilaginous Cavities - The mucosa is continuous with what?
Nasal cavities - Paranasal sinuses, Lacrimal sac and Nasopharynx
85
Name for bridge of the nose
Dorsum
86
Name for top of the nose
Root
87
Name for most inferior part of the nose
Tip
88
Philtrum
Part connecting the upper lip and lower nose
89
Nasal Conchae: Also referred to as what?
Nasal turbinates
90
Nasal Conchae: Function
Causes airflow to become turbulent so spends more time in the nasal cavity before entering the lungs
91
Nasal Conchae: 3 projecting nasal concha
Superior nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha
92
Nasal Conchae: What is superior and posterior to the Superior nasal concha?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
93
Paranasal Sinuses: How may pairs are there?
4
94
Paranasal Sinuses: What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Frontal Sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus
95
Paranasal Sinuses: Lined by what?
Respiratory epithelium
96
Paranasal Sinuses: Functions (2)
Reduces the weight of the skull Assists with resonance of the voice
97
Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - What two structures are inferior to the middle nasal concha and meatus? (2)
Ethmoidal Bulla Semilunar Hiatus
98
Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Sphenoid Sinus drains into what?
Sphenoethmoidal Recess
99
Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Posterior Ethmoidal Air Cells drain into what?
Superior meatus
100
Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Frontal Sinus + Maxillary Sinus + Anterior Ethmoidal Air Cells drains into what?
Semilunar hiatus
101
Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Middle Ethmoidal Air Cells drain into what?
Ethmoidal Bulla
102
Paranasal Sinuses: Drainage - Nasolacrimal Duct drains into what?
Inferior meatus
103
The Pharynx: Function
Common pathway for air and food to form a connection between the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx and oesophagus
104
The Pharynx: Internally lined by what?
Mucosa
105
The Pharynx: Muscular arrangement
Longitudinal and circular muscles present
106
The Pharynx: Three components
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
107
The Pharynx: Boundary of Nasopharynx
Posterior to the nasal cavity (choanae) to the soft palate
108
The Pharynx: Function of the Nasopharynx
Respiratory Function
109
The Pharynx: Boundary of the Oropharynx
Soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis
110
The Pharynx: Function of the Oropharynx
Digestive function
111
The Pharynx: Boundaries of the Laryngopharynx
Superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
112
The Pharynx: Function of the Laryngopharynx
Digestive function
113
The Pharynx: Piriform Fossa is a feature of what?
Laryngopharynx
114
The Pharynx: The lingual tonsil is a feature of what?
Oropharynx
115
The Pharynx: The choanae is a feature of what?
Nasopharynx
116
The Pharynx: The Laryngeal aditus is a feature of what?
Laryngopharynx
117
The Pharynx: The Palatopharyngeal and Palatoglossal arch are features of what?
Oropharynx
118
The Pharynx: The palatine tonsil is a feature of what?
Oropharynx
119
The Pharynx: The Torus tubarius is a feature of what?
Nasopharynx
120
The Pharynx: The pharyngeal recess is a feature of what?
Nasopharynx
121
The Pharynx: The Salpingopharyngeal fold is a feature of what?
Nasopharynx
122
The Pharynx: The Opening of the Eustachian Tube is a feature of what?
Nasopharynx
123
The Larynx: How many cartilages present?
9
124
The Larynx: Most of the laryngeal skeleton is made up of what?
Hyaline cartilage
125
The Larynx: What part of the larynx is made up of elastic cartilage?
Epiglottis
126
The Larynx: 3 regions of the Internal Larynx
Laryngeal vestibule Laryngeal ventricles Infraglottic region
127
The Larynx: What is the supraglottis formed of?
The laryngeal vestibule and ventricles
128
The Oral Cavity: What are the names of the two regions?
Oral vestibule Oral Cavity Proper
129
The Oral Cavity: Oral Vestibule
Region between the internal surface of the lips and external surface of the teeth
130
The Oral Cavity: Oral Cavity Proper
Region between the internal surface of the teeth and the oropharynx
131
Where should the Macintosh blade be placed during Laryngoscopies?
Within the vallecula
132
Vallecula
Mucosal lined space between the base of the tongue and anterior aspect of the epiglottis
133
Nasal Septum: How many components are there? And what are their makeup?
3 components - 2 osteological and 1 cartilaginous
134
Nasal Septum: 4 foramen present
Anterior ethmoidal foramen Posterior ethmoidal foramen Incisive foramen Sphenopalatine foramen
135
Nasal Septum: Vasculature - 3 main arteries
Ophthalmic artery Maxillary artery Facial artery
136
Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - Contributes to what anatomically significant arterial location?
Kisselbach's Plexus
137
Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - Kisselbach's Plexus is formed from what?
5 blood arterial inputs
138
Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - What are two important branches in epistaxis?
Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Arteries
139
Nasal Septum: Ophthalmic Artery - Derived from where?
Internal carotid artery
140
Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Contributes what two arteries?
Sphenopalatine artery Greater palatine artery
141
Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Sphenopalatine artery supplies what?
Lateral and nasal septum to supply the Vomer and Kisselbachs Plexus
142
Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Greater palatine artery supplies what?
To the incisor foramen from the hard palate
143
Nasal Septum: Maxillary Artery - Derived from what?
External carotid artery
144
Nasal Septum: Facial Artery - Course
Travels through the upper lip to provide the lateral nasal artery that goes to the midline then the septum to branch again into the septal branch of the superior labial artery
145
Nasal Septum: Facial Artery - Derived from what?
External Carotid Artery
146
The Nose: Nasal Vestibule cell type
Stratified squamous epithelium - transitions from keratinised to non-keratinised
147
The Nose: Respiratory Epithelium covers what regions?
Inferior and middle concha Associated meatuses Nasal septum
148
The Nose: Olfaction - Pathway is controlled by what nerve?
CN I - Olfactory Nerve
149
The Nose: Olfaction - What is the pathway for smell?
Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium of the lateral side and nasal septum pass up through the cribiform plate Synapses with the olfactory bulb Neurones pass along the olfactory tract into the temporal lobe and olfactory areas
150
The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Anterosuperior Aspect supplied by what?
CN V1 - Ophthalmic division of the Trigeminal Nerve
151
The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve supplies what?
Lateral Nasal Wall and Septa
152
The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Pathway of the Ophthalmic Division of the Trigeminal Nerve
1. Orbit 2. Superior Orbital Fissure 3. Cell body within the Trigeminal Ganglion 4. Axons to the area of the Pons
153
The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Posteroinferior Aspect is supplied by what?
CN V2 - Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve
154
The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Nasopalatine nerve supplies what?
Superior, Middle and Inferior Concha
155
The Nose: Somatic Sensation - Pathway of the Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve
1. Orbit 2. Foramen Rotundum 3. Cell body within the Trigeminal Ganglion 4. Axons to the area of the Pons
156
External Ear: What is the name of the ear canal?
External acoustic meatus
156
External Ear: Pinna is formed of what?
Cartilage
157
External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - What is the lateral third formed by?
Cartilage
158
External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - What is the medial two thirds formed by?
Bone
159
External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - Ear wax is produced from what?
Ceruminous glands
160
External Ear: External Acoustic Meatus - Medial end is marked by what?
Tympanic membrane
161
External Ear: Pinna - Formed by what?
Elastic cartilage
162
External Ear: Pinna - Attached to what bone structure?
Temporal Bone
163
External Ear: Pinna - Cartilage skeleton has no what?
Blood supply - gains nutrients from the skin
164
The Maxillary Nerve to the nose passes through what foramen?
Foramen rotundum
165
The Ophthalmic Nerve to the nose passes through what?
Superior Orbital Fissure
166
External Ear: Nervous Supply - To the Helix
C2 and C3 spinal nerves via the greater auricular nerves
167
External Ear: Nervous Supply - To the tip of the ear
C2 and C3 spinal nerves via the lesser occipital nerve
168
External Ear: Nervous Supply - To the medial side of the helix and superior parts of the anti-helix
CN V3 - via the auriculotemporal nerve
169
External Ear: Nervous Supply - To parts of the concha
CN VII Facial Nerve
170
External Ear: Nervous Supply - Inferior parts of the External Acoustic Meatus and the Tympanic membrane
CN X
171
External Ear: Nervous Supply - Superior parts of the External Acoustic Meatus
CN V3 - via the auriculotemporal nerve
172
Otoscopy: Used to examin what?
EAM and Tympanic Membrane
173
Otoscopy: Children requires what movement of the auricle?
Gently pulled posteroinferiorly
174
Otoscopy: Adult requires what movement of the auricle?
Posterosuperiorly as the EAM is cureved
175
Pars Flaccida
Thin part of the tympanic membrane located superiorly
176
Umbo
Most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane
177
Pars tensa
Thick part of the tympanic membrane located posteroinferiorly
178
Pars tensa
Thick part of the tympanic membrane located posteroinferiorly
179
The Middle Ear: What are the main components of the middle ear?
Ossicles
179
Cone of Light is directed in what direction?
Anteroinferiorly
180
The Middle Ear: Function of the Ossicles
Convey vibrations of the tympanic membrane and conduct them to the apparatus of the inner ear
181
The Middle Ear: Direction of Vibrations
Lateral to Medial
182
The Middle Ear: 3 ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes
183
The Middle Ear: Connections between the auditory ossicles are formed by what?
Small synovial joints
184
The Middle Ear: Two muscles involved in the control of ossicle movement
Tensor tympani Stapedius muscle
185
The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani insertion
Onto the handle of malleus
186
The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani Innervation
CN V3 - Mandibular division
187
The Middle Ear: Stapedius insertion
Onto the stapes
188
The Middle Ear: Innervated by what?
CN VII - Facial Nerve
189
Tympanic Cavity
Narrow air-filled cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
190
Tympanic Cavity: Delivers sensory information via what nerve?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
191
Tympanic Cavity: Two regions
Tympanic Cavity Proper Epitympanic recess
192
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Posterior Wall
Mastoid
193
Mastoid Aditus
Opening in the epitympanic recess which opens into the air cells of the mastoid process
194
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Roof
Tegmental Wall
195
Tegmental Wall
Thin plate of bone separating the tympanic cavity from the middle cranial fossa
196
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Floor
Jugular wall
197
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Lateral wall
Membranous Wall
198
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Medial Wall
Labryrinthine Wall
199
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Oval window receives what?
Footplate of Stapes
200
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Round window function
Dissipates the forces from the cochlear
201
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Promontory formed from what?
Basal turn of the cochlea
202
Tympanic Cavity: Walls - Anterior Wall is closely related to what?
Carotid canal - contains the internal carotid artery
203
Eustachian Tube
Auditory tube that is a connection from the middle ear and nasopharynx
204
Chorda Tympani passes between what?
Incus and malleus towards the infratemporal fossa
205
Eustachian Tube: Location
Posterior to the inferior nasal concha
206
Eustachian Tube: Posterior third made of what?
Bone
207
Eustachian Tube: Anterior two thirds made of what?
Cartilage
208
Eustachian Tube: Function
Equalises air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx
209
The Middle Ear: Sensory Innervation
Glossopharyngeal Nerve - CN IX
210
The Inner Ear: Functions (2)
Reception of sound Maintenance of balance
211
The Inner Ear: Hearing function involves what structure?
Cochlear
212
The Inner Ear: Balance involves what structures? (3)
Semicircular canalas Utricle Saccule
213
The Inner Ear: Location
Deep within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
214
The Inner Ear: 2 components
Bony labyrinth Membranous labyrinth
215
The Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth
Fluid filled network within the otic capsule
216
The Inner Ear: Membranous Labyrinth
Series of communicating ducts and sacs suspended within the bony labyrinth
217
Cochlear
Shell shaped spiral cavity encircling the bony modiolus core
218
Vestibule
Small oval-shaped chamber containing the vestibular organs (utricle and saccule) and the oval window
219
Semi-circular canals
3 bony canals that communicate with the vestibule
220
The Inner Ear: The Membranous Labyrinth - Suspended within what?
Bony labyrinth
221
The Inner Ear: The Membranous Labyrinth - Suspended by what?
Spiral ligament and filaments
222
The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - Location
Within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
223
The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - Cochlear labyrinth is orientated in what direction?
Anteromedially with respect to the vestibular labyrinthThe Inner Ear: Sensory Areas -
223
The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - Cochlear labyrinth is orientated in what direction?
Anteromedially with respect to the vestibular labyrinth
224
The Inner Ear: Sensory Areas - How is mechanical energy converted to neural stimuli?
Hair cells
225
The Inner Ear: Hair Cells - Location
Maculae of the utricle and saccule and in the ampullae of the semi-circular ducts
226
The Inner Ear: Hair Cells - Function
Conveys fluid motion into neural stimuli and then to the CNS via the vestibular nerve
227
The Inner Ear: Hair Cells - Cell bodies for the neurones are located where?
In the vestibular ganglion
228
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Modiolus
Bony core that the cochlea encircles
229
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Modiolus contains what?
Canals for conveying blood vessels and distributing branches of the cochlear nerve
230
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Hair cells located where?
Organ of Corti
231
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Organ of Corti function
Converts fluid vibrations into neural action potentials to travel to the cochlear nerve
232
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Neurone cell bodies of hair cells are located where?
Within the spiral ganglion
233
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Name of the Three Fluid-Filled Channels
Scala Vestibuli Scala Tympani Scala Media
234
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Helicotrema
Apex of the cochlear where the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are continuous
235
The Inner Ear: The Cochlear Apparatus - Alternate name for the Scala Media
Cochlear duct
236
Facial Nerve: Somatic Sensation function
Minor innervation to the concha of the pinna
237
Facial Nerve: Special Sensation of Taste function
Anterior two thirds of the tongue
238
Facial Nerve: Somatic Motor function
Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid and to the stapedius
239
Facial Nerve: Visceral Motor function
Parasympathetic supply to the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands and to the minor glands of the nasal cavity and palate
240
Facial Nerve: Symptoms if there is dysfunction
Dry eyes or mucosa Lack of taste in the anterior two thirds of the tongue Dry mouth Facial paralysis
241
For the middle ear, the facial nerve passes through what before the facial canal?
Geniculate ganglion
242
What extension is present at the geniculate ganglion?
Greater petrosal nerve goes to the pterygopalatine ganglion
243
Greater petrosal nerve leaves what?
Temporal bone
244
The greater petrosal nerve combines with what nerve to form what?
Deep Petrosal Nerve to form the Vidian nerve
245
Pterygopalatine Ganglion: Deep petrosal nerve passes through what?
Pterygoid Canal
246
Pterygopalatine Ganglion: Greater Petrosal Parasympathetic Nerve distributes to what? (4)
Pharynx Palate Nasal Cavity Lacrimal gland - via CN V1 and V2
247
Deglutition
Speech and Swallowing
248
What does loss of the Buccal Fat Pad indicate?
Malnutrition
249
Function of the Buccinator
Assists in aligning the food bolus between the dentition
250
Tongue: Extrinsic Muscles - Function
Control the movement of the tongue around the oral cavity
251
Tongue: Intrinsic Muscles - Function
Change the shape of the tongue to facilitate food bolus manipulation for swallowing and air manipulation for speech
252
Tongue: Intrinsic Muscles - 4 fibre directions
Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Horizontal Vertical
253
Soft Palate: What part of the palate is this?
The moveable posterior 1/3
254
Soft Palate: Attachment point
Anteriorly to the posterior border of the hard palate
255
Uvula
Midline conical process of the posterior free edge of the soft palate
256
Soft Palate: Function
Elevates and tenses when swallowing to prevent passage of food into the nasal cavity
257
Soft Palate: 6 muscles
Palatoglossus Musculus uvulae Palatopharyngeus Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor
258
Soft Palate: Function of the palatoglossus
Depresses the soft palate towards the tongue
259
Soft Palate: Function of the Musculus uvulae
Shortens the uvula
260
Soft Palate: Function of the Palatopharyngeus
Elevates the pharynx and depresses the soft palate
261
Soft Palate: Function of the Tensor veli palatini
Tenses the palatine aponeurosis
262
Soft Palate: Function of the Levator Veli Palatini
Lifts the palatine apopneurosis
263
Innervation of the Palatoglossus
CN X
264
Innervation of the Styloglossus
CN XII
265
Innervation of the Hyoglossus
CN XII
266
Innervation of the Genioglossus
CN XII
267
Soft Palate: All muscles bar the ... .... ... are supplied by what nerve?
Tensor Veli Palatini CN X
268
Innervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini
CN V3
269
Hard Palate: Innervation comes from branches of what?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
270
Hard Palate: Secretomotor Innervation
CN VII
271
Hard Palate: General sensation innervation
CN V3
272
Hard Palate: Main two nerves supplying this?
Incisive branch of the nasopalatine nerve Greater palatine nerve
273
Cell type of the Palatal Rugae
Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelium
274
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring
Ring of lymphoid aggregation in the sub-epithelial layer of the oropharynx and nasopharynx
275
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring: Function
Provides immunological protection of the shared entrance of the respiratory and digestive tracts
276
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring: Nodules contain concentrations of what?
Lymphocytes
277
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring: Lymph drains how?
Via the efferent lymphatic vessels via the nodal system
278
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring: Locations (3)
Palatine tonsil Pharyngeal tonsil Lingual tonsil
279
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring: Location within the Palatine Tonsil
Muscular anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars - palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
280
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring: Location within Pharyngeal Tonsils
Positioned in the midline of the posterior pharyngeal wall
281
Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring: Location within Lingual Tonsils
Sit posteriorly at the base of the tongue
282
What is the name of attachment point for the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils?
Plica triangularis
283
Fossa of Rosenmuller
Space created lateral to the adenoid and posteromedial to the eustachian tube orifice
284
Gerlach's Tonsil
Lymphoid tissue within the lip of the fossa of Rosenmuller that goes into the Eustachian Tube
285
When is adenotonsillar enlargement unusual?
Under the age of 2
286
Palatine Tonsils: Histology - Overall appearance
Specialised stratified squamous epithelium with deep crypts and lymphoid follicles
287
Palatine Tonsils: Histology - How is the base separated from the underlying muscle?
Dense collagenous hemi-capsule
288
Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - General appearance
Deep folds with few crypts
289
Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Cell appearance
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with some stratified squamous epithelium and also a transitional layer present
290
Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Function of the Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Mucociliary clearance
291
Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Impact on ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium during chronic infections?
Thinned - causes stasis of secretions and increased exposure of the tissue to antigenic stimuli
292
Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Impact of chronic infection on stratified squamous layer?
Thickens
293
Adenoid Tonsils: Histology - Function of transitional layer
Antigen processing
294
Salivary Glands: What produces saliva?
Major and minor seromucous glands
295
Salivary Glands: Saliva production is primarily controlled by what?
Parasympathetic nervous system
296
Salivary Glands: 3 major salivary gland
Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands
297
Salivary Glands: Functions - Impact on the oral cavity
Moistens the oral mucosa
298
Salivary Glands: Functions - Provides a medium for what?
Dissolved food to chemically stimulate taste buds
299
Salivary Glands: Functions - Contains what enzyme?
Amylase
300
Salivary Glands: Functions - Controls bacterial flora how?
Lysozyme activity and IgA
301
Parotid gland secreted into what and how?
Mouth by upper 2nd molar
302
Submandibular gland secretes into what and how?
Floor of the mouth via the lingual caruncle
303
Sublingual gland secretes into what and how?
Floor of the mouth via several ducts superiorly
304
Salivary Glands: Innervation - Parotid Gland
CN IX
305
Salivary Glands: Innervation - Parotid Gland CN IX pathway
Synapses with the otic ganglion Auriculotemporal nerve carries parasympathetic fibres from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland
306
Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland
CN VII and CN V3
307
Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland Pre-Synaptic Neurone
Superior salivary nucleus via the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
308
Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland Chorda Tympani pathway
Chorda Tympani unifies with the lingual branch of CN V3 before synapsing at the submandibular ganglion and suspending it between two nerve filaments
309
Salivary Glands: Innervation - Sublingual Gland and Submandibular Gland Post-ganglionic Nerve
Secretomotor fibres directly induce the gland to produce secretions
310
Salivary Glands: Secretory Units merge into what?
Intercalated Ducts
311
Salivary Glands: Intercalated Ducts histology
Lined by columnar and cuboidal epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells
312
Salivary Glands: Histology of myoepithelial cells
Flat or cuboidal cells with clear cytoplasm
313
Gag Reflex: Fuction
Protective reflex that prevents unwanted material from entering the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
314
Gag Reflex: Sensory Component - Areas (6)
Posterior third of the tongue Palatine tonsils Wall of the oropharynx Nasopharynx Auditory Tube
315
Gag Reflex: Sensory Component - Innervated by what?
CN IX
316
Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Tries to close off what?
Oropharynx
317
Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Muscles (4)
Constrictors of Pharynx Longitudinal muscles of the Pharynx Tongue Soft Palate
318
Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to Constrictors of the Pharynx
CN X
319
Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to the Longitudinal muscles of the Pharynx
CN IX and X
320
Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to the Tongue
CN XII
321
Gag Reflex: Motor Component - Nerve supply to the Soft Palate
CN X
322
Pharynx: Muscles - Function of the muscles
Direct a food bolus posteroinferiorly towards the oesophagus
323
Pharynx: Muscles - All muscles bar the ... are innervated by what nerve?
Stylopharyngeus CN X
324
Pharynx: Muscles - Outer circular layer is made up of what?
3 constrictor muscles: - Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor - Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor - Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor
325
Pharynx: Muscles - Outer Circular Layer Action
Sequential contraction from superior to inferior forces the food bolus inferiorly
326
Pharynx: Muscles - Each muscle of the Outer Circular Layer inserts where and to form what?
Contralateral counterpart to form a midline raphe
327
Pharynx: Muscles - What makes up the Inner Longitudinal Layer? (3)
3 paired vertical muscles: - Stylopharyngeus - Salpingopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus
328
Pharynx: Muscles - Inner Longitudinal Layer functions to do what?
Elevates the larynx and shortens the pharynx
329
Pharynx: Muscles - Inner Longitudinal Layer ipsilateral muscles insert on to what?
Posterior border of the thyroid cartilage
330
Speech: All intrinsic muscles of. thelarynx are supplied by what nerve?
CN X
331
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Cricothyroid Muscle Function
Tenses vocal ligaments to act on the cricothyroid joint
332
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Cricothyroid Muscle Function
Tenses vocal ligaments to act on the cricothyroid joint
333
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Cricothyroid Muscle Attachments
Anterolateral cricoid cartilage to the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
334
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Thyroarytenoid Muscle Function
Relaxes the vocal ligament to act on the cricoarytenoid joint
335
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Thyroarytenoid Muscle Attachments
Posterior thyroid to the anterior arytenoid cartilage
336
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle Function
Adducts the vocal ligaments to act on the cricoarytenoid joint
337
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle Attachments
Muscular process of the arytenoid to the anterior cricoid cartilage
338
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Arytenoid Muscle Function
Adducts vocal ligaments to act on the cricoarytenoid joint
339
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Arytenoid Muscle Attachments
One arytenoid cartilage to another cricoid cartilage
340
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle Function
Abducts the vocal cords to act on cricoarytenoid joint
341
Speech: Laryngeal Muscles - Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle Attachments
Posterior Cricoid Cartilage to muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
342
Speech: Hyoid Bone - What is unique about this?
Only bone in the human body not directly connected to another bone
343
Speech: Hyoid Bone - Function
Allows for attachment of laryngeal muscles whilst maintaining the patency of the airway for speech and swallowing
344
Speech: Hyoid Bone - Muscles attached to this are separated into what two regions?
Suprahyoid Infrahyoid
345
Speech: Hyoid Bone - Suprahyoid Muscles (4)
Digastric Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Stylohyoid
346
Speech: Hyoid Bone - Infrahyoid Muscles (3)
Thyrohyoid Omohyoid Sternohyoid
347
The Vagus Nerve: How many neural modalities?
5
348
The Vagus Nerve: 5 modalities
Somatic sensation Somatic motor Special Taste Sensation Visceral sensation Visceral motor
349
The Vagus Nerve: Somatic sensation to what?
External acoustic meatus
350
The Vagus Nerve: Somatic motor to what?
Palate Pharynx Larynx
351
The Vagus Nerve: Special sensation in what structure?
Epiglottis
352
The Vagus Nerve: Visceral sensation and motor control to what?
Thorax and Abdomen
353
The Vagus Nerve: Passes through what foramen of the skull?
Jugular foramen
354
The Hypoglossal Nerve: What is its only modality?
Somatic motor control
355
The Hypoglossal Nerve: Supplies what?
All muscles of the tongue except the Palatoglossus
356
The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - Extends from where?
Medulla oblongata
357
The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - Passes through what following extension from the medulla oblongata?
Hypoglossal Canal
358
The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - After passing through the Hypoglossal Canal it descends close to what?
Carotid sheath
359
The Hypoglossal Nerve: Pathway - Courses lateral to what?
Hyoglossus into the floor of the mouth
360
Swallowing: What are the 3 phases?
Oral Pharyngeal Oesophageal
361
Swallowing: Is the Oral Phase Voluntary Or Involuntary?
Voluntary
362
Swallowing: 3 components of the Oral Phase
Mastication Bolus manipulation Labial seal
363
Swallowing: Is the Pharyngeal Phase Voluntary or Involuntary?
Involuntary
364
Swallowing: 2 components of the Pharyngeal Phase
Hyolaryngeal elevation Sequential constrictor contraction
365
Swallowing: Is the Oesophageal Phase Voluntary or Involuntary?
Involuntary
366
Swallowing: What is the process of the Oesophageal Phase?
Relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter
367
Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN V3 function
Controls masticatory muscles to break down food for mixing with saliva
368
Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN VII function
Facial muscles create the Labial seal and tightening of cheeks via the buccinator
369
What muscle enables formation of the Labial seal?
Orbicularis oris
370
Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN XII function
Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscle function manipulate the bolus and align it between the dentitio and push it against the hard palate
371
Swallowing: Oral Phase - CN X function
Soft palate depression to form the oropharyngeal seal to enable the tongue ripples the bolus posteriorly
372
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase
Delivery of the bolus to the oropharynx to initiate the involuntary pharyngeal phase
373
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Role of soft palate
Elevation of the soft palate seals off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx
374
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Role of the tongue
Posterior pressure from the tongue seals off the laryngeal aditus via the epiglottis
375
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Role of the hyolarynx
Hyolaryngeal elevation protects the airway to open the upper oesophageal sphincter
376
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - In Hyolaryngeal Elevation what movement happens to the hyoid bone?
Dragged superiorly and anteriorly
377
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - In Hyolaryngeal Elevation what muscles are responsible for the movement of the hyoid bone?
Suprahyoid Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
378
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Hyolaryngeal Elevation is coupled with wht other actions?
Posterior tongue pressure - from the stylohyoud and hyoglossus
379
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - In Hyolaryngeal Elevation, what is the main function?
Forces the epiglottis inferior to the tongue and covers the laryngeal aditus to protect the airway
380
Swallowing: Pharyngeal Phase - Movement of the food bolus into the oesophagus via the laryngopharynx is aided by what 3 actions?
Tongue pressure Sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictors Relaxation of the Upper Oesophageal Sphincter
381
Swallowing: Oesophageal Phase - Occurs after what?
The upper oesophageal sphincter has opened
382
Swallowing: Oesophageal Phase - Cricopharyngeus is innervated by what?
External laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves of CN X
383
Parapharyngeal Space
Column of tissue allowing communication between regions of the neck and base of the skull
384
Retropharyngeal Space location
Posterior to the pharynx Anterior to the vertebral column
385
Pharyngeal Plexus: Innervates what?
Muscles of the soft palate - except the tensor veli palatini Pharynx
386
Pharyngeal Plexus: Innervates what?
Muscles of the soft palate and Pharynx - except the Tensor Veli Palatini
387
Pharyngeal Plexus: Formed from what?
CN IX and CN X
388
Speech: Larynx - During forced inspiration what happens to the vocal fold?
Abduct to allow passage of the air
389
Speech: Larynx - How is the rima glottidis widened?
Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid causes lateral rotation of the cricoarytenoid joint
390
Speech: Phonatory Function - Inspiration enabled by what muscles? (2)
Diaphragm Intercostal muscles
391
Speech: Phonatory Function - Controlled Expiration is enabled by what?
Contraction of inspiratory muscles
392
Speech: Phonatory Function - When does air cross the vocal cord to cause vibration?
Once subglottal pressure threshold is reached
393
Subglottal pressure
Pressure in the respiratory tree inferior to the larynx
394
Speech: Phonatory Function - What determines the pitch of sound produced?
Length or tension of the vocal cords
395
Speech: Phonatory Function - Tension of the vocal cord has what impact?
Increases Pitch
396
Speech: Phonatory Function - Relaxation of the vocal cords has what impact?
Decreases pitch
397
Speech: Phonatory Function - Abduction of the vocal cords has what impact?
Louder
398
Speech: Phonatory Function - Adduction of the vocal cords has what impact?
Quieter
399
Speech: Thyroarytenoid Muscles - Function
Relaxes the vocal ligament to decrease pitch
400
Speech: Thyroarytenoid Muscles - Attachments
Posterior thyroid to the anterior arytenoid cartilage
401
Speech: Cricothyroid Muscles - Function
Tenses the vocal ligament to increase pitch
402
Speech: Cricothyroid Muscles - Impact on thyroid cartilage
Causes it to 'nod'
403
Speech: Cricothyroid Muscles - Attachments
Anterolateral cricoid cartilage to inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
404
Speech: Innervation - Mucosa above the vocal folds
Internal Laryngeal Nerve
405
Speech: Innervation - Mucosa below the vocal folds
Inferior laryngeal Nerve
406
Speech: Innervation - What does the inferior laryngeal nerve supply?
All intrinsic muscles apart from the Cricothyroid
407
Speech: Resonance - Laryngeal buzz is amplified by what?
Pharynx, Oral and Nasal Cavities
408
Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Role of Soft Palate
Soft palate tenses and elevates to close off the entrance into the nasopharynx
409
Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Soft palate tension innervation
CN V3
410
Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Soft palate elevation innervation
CN X
411
Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - Soft palate tension and elevation has what impact on the oral cavity?
Directs stream of air through the oral cavity
412
Speech: Articulation via Oral Sounds - How is sound produced from air moving through the oral cavity?
Sound interuppted by the tongue (CN XII) and the teeth and lips (CN VII) to produce vowels and consonants
413
Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Role of the Soft Palate
Tenses and descends to close off the entrance of air into the oropharynx to direct the stream of air through the nasal cavity
414
Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Tension of the Soft Palate innervation
CN V3
415
Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Descending of the soft palate caused by what nerve?
CN X
416
Speech: Articulation via Nasal Sounds - Produces what three sounds?
m n ing
417
Dysphonia
Impaired ability to produce an appropriate level of phonation
418
Supra-glottic Tumours: Spread to where?
Deep cervical nodes
419
Glottic Tumours: Present where?
On the cords
420
Sub-glottic Tumours: Spread to what?
Paratracheal Nodes
421
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Leaves the CNS from where?
Upper Medulla Oblongata
422
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Passes ... from the medulla oblongata
Laterally
423
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Next anatomical structure after the upper medulla oblongata
Jugular foramen
424
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: After the jugular foramen where does it go?
Enters the parapharyngeal space to lay on the sylopharyngeus muscle
425
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Enters the jugular foramen and then does what?
Gives off the tympanic branch at the temporal bone to form the tympanic plexus
426
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Function of the tympanic plexus
Provides sensation and parasympathetic neurones over the promontory
427
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - The Tympanic Plexus leaves the temporal bone as what?
The lesser petrosal nerve
428
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Lesser petrosal nerve goes to where?
Middle cranial fossa
429
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Leaves the middle cranial fossa to go where?
Foramen ovale
430
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Pre-ganglionic axon route
Passes through the middle ear and middle cranial fossa to exit the foramen ovale
431
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Passes from. thepre-ganglionic axon to what?
Otic ganglion
432
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Otic Ganglion location
Inferior to the foramen ovale
433
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve: Parasympathetic Course - Post-ganglionic Axon pathway
Joins CN V3 (Auriculotemporal Nerve) close to the parotid gland - piggybacks of this nerve
434
Location of the Tympanic Canaliculus
Between the jugular foramen and external carotid canal
435
Chemo- and baroreceptors of the carotid body and sinus travel via what?
Carotid branch of CN IX
436
Sensations of the tongue are divided by what?
Sulcus Terminalis
437
Vallate papillae supplied by what?
CN IX
438
The External Ear: Composed of what?
Cartilaginous pinna and the external acoustic meatus that ends at the tympanic membrane
439
The External Ear: Pinna - Function
Collects sound waves and funnels them into the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane
440
The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Posterior or cranial part of the ear
Lesser occipital nerve of C2 and C3
441
The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Inferior part of the ear
Greater auricular nerve of C2 and C3
442
The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Concha
CN VII
443
The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Superior and Anterior part of the auditory canal or cartilaginous portion
CN V3
444
The External Ear: Pinna - Innervation to the Inferior and Posterior part of the auditory canal or cartilaginous portion
CN X
445
The Middle Ear: Main function
Conduct sound waves in the air towards the fluid filled cavities of the inner ear
446
The Middle Ear: Joint between the incus and malleus
Malleoincal joint
447
The Middle Ear: Joint between the head of the stapes and the incus
Incudostapedial joint
448
The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Runs between what?
Cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube to the handle of the malleus
449
The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Contracts to do what?
Reduce the potential for ossicles to vibrate to dampen sound
450
The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Innervated by what?
CN V3
451
The Middle Ear: Tensor Tympani - Reduces noise during what activity?
Chewing
452
The Middle Ear: Stapedius - Runs between what?
Pyramidal eminence to the neck of the stapes
453
The Middle Ear: Stapedius - Function
Dampens sound by reducing vibrations of the stapes on the oval window
454
The Middle Ear: Stapedius - Innervated by what?
CN VII
455
The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - Typical middle ear pressure is equal to what?
Surrounding air pressure
456
The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - When Atmospheric Pressure = Tympanic Cavity Pressure what happens?
Tympanic cavity pressure is ideal
457
The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - When Atmospheric pressure >Tympanic Pressure what happens?
Tympanic Membrane pushes in to reduce the vibration of ossicles Example - under water
458
The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - When Atmospheric Pressure < Tympanic Pressure what happens?
Tympanic membrane pushes outwards to reduce vibration of ossicles Example - In a plane
459
The Middle Ear: Air Pressure - How is pressure equalised?
Palate muscles open the eustachian tube
460
Why do children have an increased risk of middle ear infection?
Shorter eustachian tube
461
What connects the anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx?
Auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Tube)
462
The Middle Ear: Sensory Innervation - What is it?
Tympanic Plexus from the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
463
Mastoiditis
Infection of the Mastoid Air Cells
464
Mastoiditis: How can this lead to Meningitis?
Spread to the middle cranial fossa
465
Inner Ear: Otic Capsule - Located where?
In the temporal bone
466
Inner Ear: What is the cavity of the otic capsule?
Bony labyrinth
467
Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth - Filled with what and what is this similar to?
Perilymph - similar to extracellular fluid
468
Inner Ear: Membranous Labyrinth - Filled with what and what is this similar to?
Endolymph - similar to intracellular fluid
469
Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - What detects auditory stimuli?
Receptor hair cells within the Organ of Corti
470
Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Where is the Organ of Corti located?
Basilar membrane of the cochlear duct
471
Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Helicotrema
Point at which the oval window communicates with the round window
472
Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Cochlear duct is suspended by what and from where?
By the spiral ligament at the lateral edge and the modiolus at the medial edge
473
Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Function of the Scala Tympani
Enables communication with the round window
474
Inner Ear: Cochlear Apparatus - Function. ofthe Scala Vestibuli
Enables communication with the oval window
475
Balance: What structure is responsible for balance and perception of head movement?
Vestibular apparatus
476
Balance: Hair cells are stimulated by what?
Movement of endolymph
477
Balance: At the ... there are hair cells to detect where the head lies
Ampulla
478
Balance: Semi-circular ducts detect what?
Angular movement change
479
Balance: Utricle and saccule detect what?
Linear movement change
480
Balance: Utricle detects what?
Horizontal movement
481
Balance: Saccule detects what?
Vertical movement
482
Balance: Semi-circular Ducts - Anterior semi-circular canal located in what plane?
Sagittal plane
483
Balance: Semi-circular Ducts - Posterior semi-circular canal located in what plane?
Coronal plane
484
Balance: Semi-circular Ducts - Lateral semi-circular canal located in what plane?
Axial plane
485
Balance: Nerves - Internal Acoustic Meatus contains what? (3)
CN VII CN VIII Labyrinthine artery and veins
486
Balance: Facial Nerve - Cranial Portion Course
Leaves the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction at the cerebellopontine angle to enter the internal acoustic meatus
487
Balance: Facial Nerve - Temporal Portion Course
Travels through the temporal bone in close relationship to the middle ear and leaves the bone via the stylomastoid foramen
488
Balance: Facial Nerve - Extratemporal Portion Course
Courses towards and through the parotid gland and splits into 6 branches
489
Chorda Tympani: Function (2)
Taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular ganglion
490
Chorda Tympani: Leaves. thetympanic cavity via what?
Petrotympanic fissure
491
Chorda Tympani: Combines with what after moving through the petrotympanic fissure?
Mandibular division of CN V
492
Chorda Tympani: Courses between what two ossicles?
Incus and the Malleus
493
What is the pathway of hearing? (8 stages)
1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane 2. Vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles 3. Footplate of the stapes vibrates within the oval window 4. Vibration of the stapes creates pressure waves within the perilymph out of the round window 5. Hair cells in the cochlea are moved to put pressure on the organ of corti to stimulate action potentials 6. AP conveyed to the brain by the cochlear nerve 7. Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again 8. Pressure waves are dampened at the round window

Otolaryngology (4 decks)

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