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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the skeleton of the chest wall?

A

Sternum
12 pairs of ribs
Thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

What is the sternum made up of?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphisternum

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3
Q

What are the ribs made up of?

A

Head (at the back)
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Shaft
Costal End

Ribs 1-10 attached by costal cartilage to the sternum
11 and 12 are floating ribs

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4
Q

Name the parts in the upper respiratory tract:

A

Paranasal sinuses
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

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5
Q

List the functions of the upper respiratory tract:
What anatomical features allow these functions to be achieved?

A

Functions
• Warms, humidifies and filters the air
• Olfaction (smell)
• Production and resonation of sound

. Features
• Vibrissae – filter particles
• Conchae – produce turbulent flow, ↑time for warming & filtering air
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells epithelium – mucocilary escalator
• Rich capillary network - warms air
• Serous glands – humidifies air
• Olfactory mucosa – contains receptors for smell

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6
Q

Name the structures of the nose:

A

Vibrissae – filter the air
B – superior nasal concha,
C – middle nasal concha,
D – inferior nasal concha

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7
Q

The paranasal sinuses are air filled spaces that communicate with the nose.
1. Name the paranasal sinuses
2. What may be the function of the sinuses?
3. What type of epithelium lines the sinuses?
4. Which of the sinuses is most likely to get blocked?
5. Which sinus might provide surgical access to the pituitary gland?

A
  1. A – sphenoid, B – frontal, C – ethmoid, D - maxillary
  2. Lighten the weight of the skull, resonance of sound
  3. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  4. Maxillary
  5. Sphenoid
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8
Q

Identify structures in the upper respiratory tract:

  1. Note the close proximity of the larynx
    and pharynx. What clinical problem may this pose?
  2. What mechanism/s ensure that food does not pass down into the airways during swallowing?
A

B. Epiglottis
H. Laryngeal inlet
F. Laryngopharynx
C. Larynx
A. Thyroid cartilage
D. Vocal cord
E. Trachea
G. Oesophagus

2) Ingested materials may pass the through the laryngeal inlet and enter the lungs - aspiration

3) The epiglottis is pushed backwards by the food and the pharynx and larynx are elevated so that the epiglottis covers the laryngeal inlet. The vocal cords are abducted to close the glottis.

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9
Q

At what level does the trachea begin?
At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
What is found in the walls of the trachea that ensures that it remains open at all times?
What type of muscle is the trachealis muscle?

A

C6
Lower border T4 (level of sternal angle)
Horseshoe shaped rings of cartilage
Smooth muscle

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10
Q

List the structures that air passes through as it passes down the lower respiratory tract:

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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11
Q

The trachea bifurcates at A, what is this area called and at what level is it located?
How does the right primary bronchus differ from the left one?
How does the arrangement of the cartilage in the primary bronchi differ from that of the other bronchi?

A

Carina – it is located at the level of the sternal angle and intervertebral disc between T4 & T5

Right bronchus is wider, shorter and runs more vertically than the left

Cartilage in primary bronchi arranged in horseshoe shaped rings, but as plates of cartilage in other bronchi

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12
Q

List the regions of the respiratory tract that lie distal to the tertiary bronchi
How does the microscopic anatomy of the wall change with progression down the tract?
What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?
Where does the conducting zone finish and the respiratory zone commence?

A

Bronchiole  terminal bronchiole  respiratory bronchiole  alveolar duct  alveolar sac  alveolus
2
Epithelium decrease in height, goblet cells decrease, cilia decreases, smooth muscle increases

Bronchi have cartilage in the walls, bronchioles do not have any cartilage

The last part of the conducting zone is the terminal bronchiole, the respiratory bronchiole have alveoli projecting form the wall and so are involved in gas exchange.

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13
Q

Which rib attaches to the sternum at the sternal angle?

A

Second

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14
Q

Which rib does the lower border of the pleura cross in the midclavicular line?

A

Eighth

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15
Q

What are the surface markings of the oblique fissure?
What are the surface markings of the posterior border of the lung?

A

Oblique line from the level of T3 (spine of scapula) to the sixth costochondral junction

Spinous process of C7 to spinous process of T10

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16
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?
How do the ribs attach to the sternum?
Where do the ribs attach to the vertebrae?
What/where is the costal margin?

A

First thoracic vertebra, medial border first rib and their costal cartilages, superior border of manubrium.

    • 1-7 (true ribs) Costal cartilage attaches directly to sternum
      - 8-10 (false ribs) costal cartilage attaches to rib above
      - 11 & 12 (floating ribs) don’t attach anteriorly.
  2. Head of the rib attaches to vertebral body, tubercle of rib attaches to the transverse process of the vertebra
  3. Lower edge of rib cage formed by the cartilages of the 7th-10th ribs attaching to the sternum
17
Q

Name the parts of the sternum
The xiphisternum is sometimes not visible, why not?
Which rib attaches to the eternal angle and why is it a useful landmark?

A

Parts
A. Manubrium
B. Sternal angle
C. Body
D. Clavicular notch
E. Jugular (sternal) notch
F. Xiphisternum

  1. The xiphisternum is cartilaginous in the young, with age it ossifies and may fuse to the body but in many specimens is not present. In the living it can be used as a surface landmark for the central tendon of the diaphragm and inferior border of the heart
  2. The second rib attaches at the eternal angle- as the sternal angle can easily be palpated it is used as a starting point when counting ribs
18
Q

Name the parts of the thoracic vertebrae:

Which part of the thoracic vertebrae aligns with the ribs?

A

Body
Spinous process
Transverse process
Lamina
Costal Facets
Superior articulate facet

Costal facets

19
Q

Name parts of the diaphragm:

A

Fibrous pericardium fused to central tendon
Right dome
Left dome
Right costophrenic recess

20
Q

The level of the diaphragm varies during ventilation (and between person to person) but what vertebral level does it usually lie at during expiration:

A

Level of 5th thoracic vertebra (T5)

21
Q

The origin of the diaphragm consists of three parts; sternal, coastal and vertebral. Where does each arise?

A

Origins
• Sternal – posterior surface of
xiphisternum
• Costal – lower 6 ribs and their
costal margins
• Vertebral – Right crus (from bodies
L1-3), left crus (from L1-2), Medial & lateral arcuate ligaments

22
Q

Where does the diaphragm insert?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Does the diaphragm receive somatic or autonomic innervation?

A

Central tendon
Phrenic nerve
Somatic innervation

23
Q

The accessory muscles of inspiration are recruited during exercise (or at rest in patients who are having breathing difficulties). Name some:

A

Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Serratus Anterior

24
Q
  1. Where do the intercostal nerves arise?
  2. Which structures are supplied by the intercostal nerves?
  3. What type of innervation do the intercostal nerves provide?
  4. Where do the posterior intercostal arteries arise?
  5. Where do the anterior intercostal arteries arise?
  6. Which system of veins do the intercostal veins drain into?
  7. Identify the vessels labelled A and B
A
  1. From the thoracic region of spinal cord, they are the ventral rami of the first 11 thoracic spinal nerves
  2. Intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and overlying skin
  3. Somatic
  4. Thoracic aorta
  5. Internal thoracic (mammary) and musculophrenic arteries
  6. Azygos system
  7. A thoracic aorta, B – azygos vein
25
Q

Name the lobes and the fissures of the left and right lungs:

A

Right lung:

Lobes
superior/upper
inferior/lower
middle

Fissures
horizontal
oblique

Left lung:

Lobes
superior/upper
inferior/lower

Fissures
oblique

26
Q

Where in the body are the apices of the lungs located?

A

Above the clavicles

27
Q

What structures can be seen in the mediastinal surface of the left lung?

A

Left pulmonary bronchus
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries
Aortic Arch
Thoracic aorta
Heart

28
Q

What structures can be seen in the mediastinal surface of the right ling?

A

Right pulmonary bronchus
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries
Bronchial vessels
Lymphatics
Autonomic nerves
Superior vena cava
Azygos vein

29
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates the thorax from the abdomen
• Dome-shaped skeletal muscle with a central A tendon
• Attached to the xiphisternum, costal margin, 11th & 12th ribs, and the lumbar vertebrae
• Openings for the inferior vena cava, oesophagus & aorta
• Fibrous pericardium fused to central tendon
• Innervated by the phrenic nerve
C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

30
Q

Physical properties of the lungs:

A

Compliance (distensibility)
• The ability of the lungs to expand.
• Affected by
– Connective tissue structure of the lungs – Level of surfactant
– Mobility of the thoracic cage
Elasticity
• Elastic tissue allows lung expansion during inspiration and recoil during expiration

31
Q

What is the lung pleura?

A

Double layered serous membrane
• Visceral pleura adheres to the lung
• Parietal pleura attaches to the thoracic wall and diaphragm
The pleural cavity is a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers that contains a thin layer of serous fluid (if air gets stuck in this space it can cause a pneumothorax)

32
Q

Functions of the lung pleura:

A

Reduces friction during breathing
Creates a pressure gradient which assists in ventilation
Compartmentalises each lung therefore reduces spread of infection

33
Q

How can thoracic volume be altered?

A

Thoracic volume can be altered by changing the:

– Vertical diameter (top to bottom)
Contraction of diaphragm increases vertical diameter
Relaxation of the diaphragm decreases vertical diameter
Contraction responsible for 75% increase in thoracic capacity during inspiration

– Anterior posterior diameter (in and out)
Elevation of ribs at the sternal end makes them more horizontal and pushes sternum forward
(pump handle movement)
This increases AP diameter

– Transverse diameter (left to right)

Many of the ribs are lowest near their middle and rise at each end like the handle of a bucket
If the middle of the rib rises, it moves away from the midline of the body making the chest wider from left to right

34
Q

How does the epithelium changes through the tract?

A

Epithelium covers the inner surface of the digestive tract. It starts as stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus and changes to simple columnar epithelium in the stomach. In the intestines, it stays columnar but acquires microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption.

35
Q

What is the function of the cilia and goblet cells in the respiratory tract?

A

The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms.

36
Q

How do bronchi and bronchioles differ?

A

In your lungs, the main airways, called bronchi, branch off into smaller and smaller passageways. The smallest airways, called bronchioles, lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Bronchi consist of C shaped cartilage while bronchioles lack cartigenous support.

37
Q

Where does the conducting zone end and the respiratory zone start?

A

The contiguous airway from the trachea to the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES is called the conducting zone, and the area from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs is called the transitional and respiratory zone.

38
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A

The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar and capillary walls. Gas exchange occurs across this membrane. Characteristics of this membrane follow: Type I cells are thin, squamous epithelial cells that constitute the primary cell type of the alveolar wall.

39
Q

What factors promote gas exchange?

A

Membrane thickness – the thinner the membrane, the faster the rate of diffusion.
Membrane surface area – the larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion.
Pressure difference across the membrane.
Diffusion coefficient of the gas.

Respiratory (6 decks)

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