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Anatomy Flashcards

(133 cards)

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1
Q

What is the pelvis composed of

A

Two hip (Innominate) bones and the sacrum

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2
Q

Define thigh

What is it between?
What is the bone?
What are the compartments

A

Between the hip and the knee joints

Bone - femur

Contains anterior, medial and posterior muscle compartments

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3
Q

Define leg

What is it between?
What are the bones?
What compartments does it contain?

A

Between the hip and ankle joint

Bones - tibia and fibula

Contains anterior, lateral and posterior muscle compartments

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4
Q

Define Foot

Where is it?
What is the sole and the top of the foot called?

A

Distal to the ankle

Plantar surface (sole) contains many small muscles

Top of foot = Dorsum

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5
Q

What are the parts of the lower limb

A

Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Foot

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6
Q

Define hip joint

Type of joint
Between
Stable?

A

Synovial ball

Socket joint

Between acetabulum and proximal femur

Very stable but quite mobile (not as mobile as shoulder)

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7
Q

What movements does the hip joint allow for

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial and lateral rotation

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8
Q

What movements does the knee joint allow for

A

Flexion and extension

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9
Q

Define knee joint

What type of joint is it?
What is the articulation between?

A

Synovial hinge joint

Articulation between distal femur and tibia

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10
Q

What movements does the ankle joint allow

A

Flexion (plantarflexion)

Extension (dorsiflexion)

Of foot

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11
Q

Define ankle joint

What type of joint?
What is it an articulation of?

A

Synovial joint

Articulation between distal ends of tibia and fibula with the talus

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12
Q

What movements do the toes allow

A

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction

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13
Q

What is the hip bone formed of

A

Pubic bone
Ilium
Ischium

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14
Q

What do the bones of the hip bone fuse at

A

Acetabulum - socket of hip joint

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15
Q

Where do the hip bones articulate anteriorly

A

Pubic symphysis

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16
Q

Where do the hip bones articulate posteriorly

A

Sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

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17
Q

What surrounds the obturator foramen

A

Superior and inferior pubic rami

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18
Q

What is the small gap in the obturator foramen membranes and muscles which allows vessels and nerves to pass between the pelvis and thigh

A

Obturator canal

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19
Q

What is the most upper part of the ilium

A

Iliac crest

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20
Q

What are the features of the femur

A

Long bone

Has a head, neck, and shaft

Most distal end is expanded

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21
Q

What does the head of the femur articulate with

A

Acetabulum of pelvis

Forms the hip joint

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22
Q

What lies distal to the neck of the femur

A

Greater and lesser trochanters

Sites of muscle attachment

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23
Q

Where is the intertrochanteric line

A

Between the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior surface of the femur

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24
Q

What is the trochanteric fossa

A

Small hollow on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter

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25
What is the linea aspera
Bony vertical ridge on the posterior aspect of the shaft of the femur Site for muscle attachment
26
What is the distal end of the femur expanded to form
Medial and lateral femoral condyles
27
What lies just superior to the medial femoral condyle
Small adductor tubercle
28
What lies anteriorly to the knee joint
Patella
29
What do the muscles of the anterior thigh do
Flex the thigh at the hip joint Extend the leg at the knee joint
30
What do muscles of the medial thigh do
Adduct the thigh at the hip joint
31
What do muscles of the posterior thigh do
Extend the thigh at the hip joint Flex the leg at the knee joint
32
What surrounds the thigh
Fascia lata (deep fascia)
33
What is the thickening of the lateral part of the fascia lata
Iliotibial band
34
What separates the thigh into anterior, medial and posterior compartments
Intermuscular septum
35
What do the anterior muscles as a group do and innervated by
Extensors of knee (some act upon the hip) Innervated by femoral nerve (spinal nerves L2-L4)
36
How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris - group of 4 larger muscles Sartorius Iliopsoas Pectineus
37
What muscle is the prime extensor of the knee
Quadriceps femoris
38
What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius
39
What do the muscles of the quadriceps femoris converge onto and where does this run and insert
Converge - quadriceps tendon Runs over - patella Inserts - tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
40
Where does the rectus femoris lie
Midline of the anterior thigh
41
Where is the rectus femoris attached
To the AIIS proximally
42
What can the rectus femoris contribute to
Flexion of the hip
43
Where does the Vastus lateralis lie
Lateral to rectus femoris
44
Where does the Vastus lateralis attach
Linea aspera on posterior aspect of femoral shaft
45
Where does the Vastus medialis lie
Medial to the rectus femoris
46
Where does the Vastus medialis attach
Linea aspera
47
Where does the Vastus intermedius lie
Deep to the rectus femoris
48
Where does the Vastus intermedius attach
Anterior aspect of the femoral shaft
49
Where does sartorius lie
Superficially in the anterior thigh
50
Where does the sartorius attach and insert
Proximally at the ASIS Medial aspect of the proximal tibia
51
What movements does sartorius allow
Flexion and Lateral rotation of hip joint Flexion of knee Not a prime mover contributes to these movements
52
Where does the iliopsoas pie
Proximally in the anterior thigh
53
What converge via the common tendon onto the lesser trochanter of the femur
Papas major and iliacus
54
What is the prime flexor of the hip joint
Iliopsoas
55
Where does the pectineus lie
Proximal anterior thigh Medial to Iliopsoas
56
Where does the pectineus attach
Proximally at the superior pubic ramus Did tally on the femur (just inferior to the lesser trochanter)
57
What movements does the pectineus allow
Flexion and addiction at the hip joint
58
How many muscles does the medial compartment of the thigh contain
5
59
The medial compartment of the thigh muscles as a group do what What is there innervation
Primarily act as adductors of the hip Innervated by obturator nerve (spinal nerve L2-L4)
60
What are the importance of adductors in the thigh
Important role in normal gait Help draw the leg back towards the midline as we walk
61
What are the muscles of the medial thigh
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis Obturator externus
62
Where does adductor brevis lie
Deep to longus
63
Where does the obturator nerve lie
Between the adductor brevis and adductor longus
64
Where do the adductor brevis and adductor longus attach
Similar points Pubic bone and linea aspera
65
What parts do adductor Magnus have
Adductor part Hamstring part
66
What does the adductor part of the adductor Magnus Attach Act Nerve supply
Attach - inferior pubic ramus and the linea aspera Act - adductor Innervated by - obturator nerve
67
What does the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus Attach
Ischia tuberosity and the adductor tubercle
68
What is the adductor hiatus
Gap formed between the distal attachments of the two parts of the adductor Magnus
69
What travels through the adductor hiatus
Femoral artery and vein to enter the posterior thigh
70
Where is the gracilis
Most medial muscle
71
Where does the Gracilis attach
Public bone Medial aspect of the tibia
72
What is the movement completed by the Gracilis
Weak adductor and flexor of the hip Weak flexor of the knee Is not a prime mover
73
Where is the obturator externus attached and inserted
Attached - external surface of the obturator membrane Inserts - femur near the greater trochanter
74
What is the role of the obturator externus
Stabilises and laterally rotates the hip joint
75
What is the femoral artery a continuation of
External iliac artery
76
What is the profunda femoris artery a branch of
Femoral artery
77
When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery
When it enters the distal part of the posterior thigh (the popliteal fossa)
78
What is the obturator artery a branch of
Internal iliac artery
79
Where does the obturator artery travel
Through the obturator canal into the medial compartment of the thigh
80
What is the femoral vein continuous with
External iliac vein
81
Where does the femoral vein travel
Under the inguinal ligament
82
Where does the obturator vein travel
Through the obturator canal Joins the internal iliac vein in the pelvis
83
What is the femoral nerve formed from
L2-L4 spinal nerves
84
What innervates the skin over the leg
Saphenous nerve
85
What is the saphenous nerve a branch of
Femoral nerve
86
What is the obturator nerve formed from
L2-L4 spinal nerves
87
What does the obturator nerve innervate
Medial compartment muscles and skin over the medial thigh
88
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle
Lateral - formed by the medial border of sartorius Medial - formed by the lateral border of adductor longus Superior - formed by inguinal ligament
89
What is the apex of the femoral triangle
Distal Where sartorius and adductor longus meet
90
Where is the floor of the femoral triangle
Formed by Iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
91
What are the contents of the femoral triangle
Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral nerve
92
What does the femoral vein receive in the femoral triangle
Superficial vein - great saphenous vein
93
What does the posterior aspect of the ilium bear
3 ridges Anterior Posterior Inferior gluteal lines
94
What are the notches on the posterior ilium and ischium called
Greater and lesser sciatic notches
95
What are the greater and lesser sciatic foramina formed by
Greater and lesser sciatic notches Scarotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
96
What is the role of the greater and lesser sciatic foramina
Allow structures to pass between the pelvis and gluteal region and perineum
97
Where does the ischia spine project from? What attaches to it?
Projects - from posterior ischium Attached - sacrospinous ligament
98
What is the ischial tuberosity
Bulky prominence of bone at the posterior aspect of the ischium Sit on this part of the pelvis Muscles of the posterior thigh and sacrotuberous ligament attach here
99
What is the intertrochanteric creat
Ridge of the bone between the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur
100
Where is the gluteal tuberosity
Lies just inferior to the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur Site of muscle attachment
101
What are the groups of muscles in the gluteal region
Superficial group Deep group
102
What are the superficial gluteal muscles
Gluteus maximum Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia latae
103
Describe the gluteus maximus
Most superficial muscle Proximal attachments - most posterior part of the posterior surface of the ilium, Sacrotuberous ligament and the sacrum Distal attachments - iliotibial tract smaller proportion attaching onto the gluteal tuberosity
104
What is the role of the gluteus maximus
Extensor of the hip Important for standing from a sitting position
105
Where is gluteus medius found
Lies deep to maximus
106
Where is gluteus minimus found
Lies deep to medius
107
Where does the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus attach and insert
Attach - Anterior parts of the posterior surface of the ilium Insert - onto greater trochanter
108
What are the movements of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Abduct and medially rotate the hip Important role in normal gait
109
Where does the tensor fascia latae insert and attach
Attach - ASIS Insert - into iliotibial band (itself inserts onto the lateral part of the proximal tibia)
110
What movement does the tensor fascia latae
Contraction of muscle tenses the fascia lata and iliotibial hand Stabilises the knee when extended Flexes the hip joint Is not a prime mover
111
What are the superficial gluteal muscles innervated by
Gluteal nerves Leave through the sacral plexus in the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen
112
What is the gluteus maximus innervated by
Inferior gluteal nerve
113
What is the gluteus medius innervated by
Superior gluteal nerve
114
What is the gluteus minimum innervated by
Superior gluteal nerve
115
What is the tensor fascia latae innervated by
Superior gluteal nerve
116
What is the primary movements on the deep gluteal muscles
Stabilise and laterally rotate the hip joint
117
Name the deep gluteal muscles
Piriformis Superior and inferior gemelli Obturator internus Quadratus femoris
118
Where do the deep gluteal muscles insert
Onto or close to the greater trochanter
119
Why is the piriformis a key landmark
Nerves of the sacral plexus lie over it in the pelvis
120
What does the sciatic nerve divide into
Tibial and common peroneal (common fibular) nerves
121
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh
Seminembranous Semitendinosus Biceps femoris (a long and a short head) Hamstring part of the adductor Magnus
122
What are the muscles referred to as the hamstrings Which span both the hip and knee joints
Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Long head of the biceps femoris
123
What is the muscles of the hamstrings role and innervation
Extend the hip Flex the knee Innervated by tibial nerve
124
What is the arteriole supply of the gluteal muscles
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries (branches of the internal iliac artery) Leave pelvis via the sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region
125
What is the blood supply to the hamstring
No large artery in the upper posterior thigh Supplied by three or four perforating arteries arise from profundus femoris
126
What is the order of veins
Popliteal vein Femoral vein Received from great saphenous vein Becomes continuous with external iliac vein
127
What fibres is the sciatic nerve composes of
L4-S3
128
What is the sciatic nerve really composed of
Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)
129
What does the tibial nerve innervate
Muscles of the posterior thigh and posterior leg
130
What does the common peroneal nerve innervate
Muscles of the anterior and lateral leg
131
What innervates regions of skin of the lower limb
Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve
132
What is the popliteal fossa
Diamond shaped depression behind the knee joint Superior boundaries - semimebranous and Semitendinosus medially - biceps femoris laterally Inferomedial and inferolateral borders = gastrocnemius
133
What does the popliteal fossa contain
Popliteal artery Popliteal vein Tibial nerve Common peroneal (fibular) nerve

Lower limb (3 decks)

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