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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main structures in the neck

A

Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid membrane
Cricoid cartilage - only complete ring of cartilage in respiratory tract
Tracheal rings

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2
Q

3 muscles of the neck

A

Strenocleidous mastoid
Trapezius
Digastric

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3
Q

What are Atlas and Axis

A

Cervical vertibraes (C1 & C2). The skull is on top of atlas and its articulations allow you to nodd your head.

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4
Q

Structures in a typical Cervical Vertibrae

A

Transverse foramen
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process

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5
Q

What is a tracheostomy and how is it done

A

It establishes an emergency airway
An incision in made through skin and cricothyroid membrane - tracheostomy tube is inserted into trachea.
Only useful if blockage is above where you make the hole

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6
Q

What are satures and when are they formed

A

the connections between the bones of the skull. They aren’t fused during birth to allow the skull to compress when coming through birth canal

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7
Q

what is proprioception

A

The bodies ability to sense movement, and make sure you don’t over do it. e.g. over open mouth

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8
Q

Muscles of mastication functions

A

Superficial=
Temporalis - closes mouth, moves jaw post (back)
Masseter - closes mouth, chewing
Deep =
lateral pterygoid - protrusion of mandible (moves jaw forward), unilateral action (jaw side to side)
Medial pterygoid - elevation of mandible (jaw close)

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9
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication

A

CN V - Trigeminal - V3 - mandibular

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10
Q

Which CN innervates muscles of facial expression

A

VII - facial

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11
Q

7 muscles of facial expression and their functions

A

Frontalis - forehead muscle
Orbicularis Occuli - eyes close
Orbicularis Oris - lips closed or pursed
Lip elevator
Lip depressor
Zygomatic - contracts to smile
Buccinator - cheek muscle - used when playing wind instrument, breatfeeding and to push bolus into oral cavity to stop it staying in cheeks

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12
Q

what is venous drainage

A

route deoxygenated blood takes going back to lungs

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13
Q

What is TMJ
What is it formed by
What does it do

A

TMJ = Temporomandibular joint (jaw/ear)
Formed by temporal bone and mandibular condyle
Allows mouth to open and close

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14
Q

Actions TMJ can do

A

Rotate - only a bit
Slide - head of condyle moves from glenoid cavity to articular eminence

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15
Q

Ligaments of TMJ

A

Temporomandibular
Stylomandibular
Sphenomandibular

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16
Q

What to do if TMJ dislocates

A

It can dislocate anteriorly (forwards)
Clinician apply downward and backward pressure on molars - may require muscle relaxants

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17
Q

What are the muscles of the hyoid bone called

A

Suprahyoid (above)
Infrahyoid (below)
contract together stabilising hyoid

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18
Q

What are the functions of the larynx

A

1 - protects lower respiratory tract by preventing inhalation of food or liquids
2 - generates speech by vocal folds vibrating

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19
Q

Key structures within the larynx

A

Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Cricothyroid joint

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20
Q

What happens at the cricoarytenoid joint

A

the arytenoid cartilage moves backwards, altering length, tension and thickness of vocal folds

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21
Q

What are the arytenoids

A

Cartilages in larynx essential for production of vocal sound, and help form the cricoarytenoid joints

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22
Q

3 possible movements at the cricoarytenoid joints

A

Sliding apart/together
Rotating inwards/outwards
Tilt forwards/backwards

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23
Q

Are vocal folds open or closed normally

A

Open to allow air through - closed during swallowing, o&c during speech

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24
Q

adduct means

A

close

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25
abduct means
open
26
What are the names and functions of the muscles of the arytenoids
Transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid and lateral criocoarytenoid all ADDUCT VFs Posterior criocoarytenoid is the ONLY ABDUCTOR
27
what are the requirements for phonation
Closed VF to raise subglottal pressure until it is greater than the closing force, which forces VF's open. Sound can only be produced when VF's are tensed. When air rushes past tensed VF's they will vibrate and make a sound
28
3 variables in VF that affect pitch
Length Tension Thickness You cannot change one without changing the others - elastic band
29
What is the name of the branches of Vagus (CN X)
Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)
30
What is superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) sensory and motor to What is RLN motor to
Sensory to - mucosa of larynx Motor to - cricothyroid muscles RLN is motor to all other muscles in larynx
31
What happens if SLN is damaged
Loss of sensation in the larynx which initiates cough reflex = increase risk of inhalation of food No motor innervation to cricothyroid muscles = difficulty regulating pitch
32
How can RLN get damaged
During thyroid operations as it runs close to thyroid Lung pathology
33
What are the conditions required for phonation, and what is it used for
Used for vowels and voiced consonants conditions 1 = Flow of air from lungs = energy in system 2 = Adduction of vocal folds to build subglottal pressure 3 = Tension of VF to allow for vibration If conditions are met VF vibrate according to Aerodynamic-Myoelastic Theory
34
What is the Aerodynamic-Myoelastic Theory
As VF's close, subglottal pressure is raised. When this overcomes the adducting forces, they are forced open, causing subglottal pressure to fall so VF adduct again This aided by Bernoulli effect
35
How do VF's open and close
From bottom up - bottom will start vibrating out of phase with the top causing them to open
36
What are the names of the 3 muscles that alter the length, tension and thickness of Vocal Folds
Criocothyriod Thyroarytenoid Vocalis
37
Function of criocothyroid muscle
Lengthens VF's by rotating and sliding
38
Function of Thyroarytenoid muscle
Shorten and thickens VF's Makes refined changes in length/tension
39
Function of Vocalis
Shorten and thicken VF's Refined changes to length/tension
40
How do criocothyroid and vocalis muscles work together
Contract isometrically which alters tension without changing length of VF's
41
What can affect the quality of the voice
Infections/inflammatory conditions e.g laryngitis Benign/malignant growths Occupational demands (strong adduction leads to trauma) Drug effects - antidepressants/psychotics affect neuro-muscular control. Decongestants produce rebound effect - when drug wears off there's excess production of mucus causing thickening of VF's
42
What are the 3 phases of swallowing and are they a reflex or voluntary
1) Oral phase (includes oral preparatory) - V 2) Pharyngeal phase - R 3) Oesophageal phase - R
43
Describe the oral preparatory phase of swallowing
Food is prepared by mastication and mixing with saliva. The consistency of the food is monitored by sensory receptors in the oral mucosa
44
Describe the oral phase of swallowing
The bolus is pushed to the back by raising the tongue to the palate. The tongue is lowered to form a shute pushing the bolus to the oropharynx.
45
What must occur for the oral phase of swallowing to be completed
mouth closed soft palate elevated to stop food entering nasal pharynx respiration suspended to stop food entering larynx
46
What are the trigger points in the oral cavity and what do they initiate
TP = palatoglossal arches & posterior pharyngeal walls Initiate = pharyngeal contraction & reflex actions to protect airway
47
Describe the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
The bolus passes through pharynx by contraction of constrictor muscles
48
How is the airway protected during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
Respiration suspended Larynx elevated by supra hyoid muscle Narrowing of laryngeal entrance to prevent inhalation Strong adduction of VF's Cough reflex in place in case food enters larynx
49
Describe Oesophayeal phase
Bolus passes through oesophagus to stomach.
50
What happens during a cough reflex
Initiated by CN X Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract VF's adduct and glottis closes to increase pressure
51
What happens during a gag reflex
Mouth is opened and post part of tongue is elevated to expel the material Soft palate elevated to stop material entering nasopharynx
52
What are the nerves involved in swallowing
Sensory = V, IX Motor = V3, VII, X, XII
53
What are the 3 possible causes of dysphagia
1. obstructive 2. neurogenic 3. xerostomia
54
What causes neurogenic dysphagia
Interference with neuro muscular mechanics of swallowing by neuromuscular disease e.g stroke, parkinsons, motor neurone
55
What are 3 problems dysphagia causes
Malnutrition/dehydration Social problems (embarrassment) Aspiration into respiratory tract
56
What are the 4 types of swallowing assessments
Sips of water- timing of swallow and size of sips Check to see if patient coughs, chokes or has 'wet voice' after drinking Fiber-optic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) Video fluoroscopy (VFS)
57
Name the 3 sections of the pharynx and where they are
Nasopharynx - behind nose to soft palate Oropharynx - soft palate to epiglottis Laryngopharynx - epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
58
What are the 2 groups of muscles in the pharynx
Constrictor muscles Longitudinal muscles
59
What are the names and function of the constrictor muscles
Superior, Middle, Inferior constrictors Function = propel food through the pharynx
60
What are the names and function of the Longitudinal muscles
Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus Palatalpharygeus Function = elevate, shorten and widen larynx during swallowing
61
What kind of tissue are tonsils made of and what does it do
Lymphoid tissue - protective to GI + respiratory tracts by lymphocytes producing anti-bodies in response to bacteria + toxins. The tonsils will enlarge if there is an infection
62
What are the 4 groups of tonsillar tissues and where are they situated
1) Palatine - between palatoglossal arches + palatopharyngeal arches 2) Pharyngeal (adenoid) - posterior wall of nasopharynx 3) Lingual - under muscosa of post 1/3 tongue 4) Tubal - auditory tube (not always present)
63
Enlarged adenoids (pharyngeal) can cause...
Sinisitus, middle ear infections, sleep apnea Distort nasal speech sounds like m,n,ng Interfere with soft palate elevation
64
What are the names of the 3 layers of the cranial meninges
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
65
What are the names of the two layers within the Dura Mater
Outer - endosteal layer - tightly bound to the cranium Inner - Meningeal layer
66
What are Dural Folds
Dural folds are created when the inner layer extends into the cranium. They provide stabilisation and support to the brain
67
Describe the arachnoid mater
It covers the brain and creates a smooth surface but doesn't go into folds Subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater, but fibres extend between them to bridge the gap
68
Describe the Pia Mater
Thin layer covering brain, extends into every fold
69
What are the names of the two cranial spaces
Extradural Subarachnoid
70
What is extradural space and how is it created
'potential' space between dura mater and cranium, occurring due to trauma. When the meningeal arteries in the endosteal are ruptured they bleed into the extradural space creating increased intra-cranial pressure -coning
71
What is subarachnoid space
'real' space between arachnoid and pia mater. It is large so any haemorrhages take time to spread symptoms take 24-48 hours to occur.
72
What does subarachnoid space contain
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - filled with anti-bodies and nutrients Arteries to the brain Veins from the brain
73
What are true end arteries
arteries that supple a specific area and there is no alternative blood supply
74
What is the fancy name for a stroke
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
75
What are the names for the 2 types of stroke
Ischemic Haemorrhagic
76
What causes an Ischemic stroke
a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood
77
What causes a Haemorrhagic stroke
A burst blood vessel (aneurysm) or trauma Excessive bleeding in an area causes loss of function
78
What are the consequences of an Ischemic stroke
Brain function lost in areas where blood supply is permanently absent
79
What are the consequences of a haemorrhagic stroke
short term effects worse than long term effects. Function may return as the mass of hematoma decreases.
80
What is the circle of Willis
connects the internal carotid arteries with the vertebrobasilar system via communicating arteries. It can act as an alternative blood supply, but is only complete for 60% of people
81
What are the 3 types of papillae
circumvallate - contain taste buds filliform - no taste buds, gives tongue rough appearance allowing for increased friction for pushing food around the mouth fungiform - contain taste buds
82
What are the two types of tongue muscles and what are their functions and attachments
Extrinsic - attach to the skull - change position of tongue Intrinsic - within tongue - change shape of tongue
83
Name the extrinsic tongue muscles and their function
Palatoglossus - elevates tongue/depresses soft palate Styloglossus - retracts tongue and elevates sides Genioglossus - Lots of actions e.g. protrude, flatten Hyoglossus - depresses tongue and sides
84
What nerve are the extrinsic muscles innervated by
CN XII except palatalglossus
85
Name the intrinsic tongue muscles and their function
superior longitudinal - shortens and curls apex up Inferior longitudinal - shortens and curls apex down Transverse - narrows and lengthens Vertical - broadens and flattens
86
Where is the alveolar ridge
just behind front teeth - important for forming alveolar consonants
87
What are the ridges in the hard palate called
rugae - provides friction as food is pushed around oral cavity
88
Name the muscles of the soft palate and their functions
Levator veli palatini - elevates Tensor veli palatini - tenses Palatoglossus - depresses Palatopharyngeus - depresses
89
What CN are the muscles of the soft palate innervated by
All innervated by X except TVP which is innervated by V3

Biomed (4 decks)

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