ANATOMY Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Type of epitheium lining the ureters - and function
A
transitional - allows for stretch
2
Q
type of epithelium lining the bladder - and function
A
Columnar/transitional - allows for stretch
3
Q
type of epithelium lining the urethra (female) - and function
A
transitional - allows for stretch
4
Q
Where is transitional epithelium found
A
bladder, ureters and urethra (female)
5
Q
Where is pseudostratified epithelium found and what is the function?
A
trachea and upper resp trach. Absorbs and secretes mucous
6
Q
Where is columnar epithelium found
A
uterus, uterine tubes, digestive tract, bladder, bronchi
Absorbs and secretes mucous/enzymes
7
Q
Where is cuboid epithelium and what is function?
A
glands/ducts/kidney tubules
8
Q
Arterial blood supply to ureters
A
renal
vaginal/uterine
gonadal
middle rectal
9
Q
nerve supply to ureters
A
T11-L2
10
Q
Describe the anatomy of the male urethra.
Where do the cowpers glands enter?
A
3 parts - prostatic, membranous (after the prostate and before the penis), penile (spongy, cavernous).
15-29cm long
The bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) enter in the membranous portion.
The vas deferens travels from the testicles and then joins the seminal vesicle to formt he ejaculator duct. It then travels into the prostate to join the urethra
11
Q
Which muscles make up the pelvic floor?
A
Levator ani - puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus
AND coccygeus muscle
12
Q
What is the nerve supply to the pelvic floor
A
S3-S4 spinal nerves
pudendal nerve (sacral plexus)
peroneal (branch of pudendal)
inferior retal (sciatic)
13
Q
arterial supply to the pelvic floor
A
inferior gluteal artery
14
Q
How can the common peroneal nerve compression present in pregnancy and why?
A
Lithotomy position during delivery
Foot drop - dorsiflexors lost. Sensory loss to lateral lower leg
15
Q
Foot drop and sensory loss to lateral lower leg
A
common peroneal
16
Q
How can the femoral nerve compression present in pregnancy and why?
A
difficult birth.
Quads not working. extension at the knee.
loss of knee jerk
Sensory loff of knee and anterior thigh
17
Q
loss of knee jerk caused by palsy of which nerve?
A
Femoral
18
Q
Quads not working. extension at the knee.
loss of knee jerk
Sensory loss of knee and anterior thigh
Which nerve palsy?
A
Femoral
19
Q
Which nerve can be affected by compression of fetal head and pelvic structures?
What symptoms could this cause?
A
Obturator nerve
Lack of adduction at the hip
Loss of sensation upper medial thigh
20
Q
What would a lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy cause?
A
sensory loss of lateral thigh
No motor problems
21
Q
What are the boundaries of the femoral canal?
A
Superior - inguial ligament
Medial - adductor longus
Lateral - sartorius
Floor - adductor longus, pectinus, iliopsoas
Roof - fascia lata
22
Q
Describe the anatomy of the sperm tail
A
THE AXIAL FILAMENT
9+2
2 central longitudinal fibres called beta fibres
surrounded by 9 longitudinal fibres called alpha fibres
23
Q
Blood supply to the tesicles
A
testicular artery
cremaster artery
artery to vas deferens
24
Q
Venous drainage of testicles
A
pampiniform plexus
testicular vein
25
lymphatic drainage of testicles
lumbar and paraaortic nodes
26
Describe the fetal skull sutures
Middle one = sagital
Posterior one = lambdoid suture
Anterior one = coronal suture
Anterior continuation of sagital = anterior suture
27
Nerve supply to testis
spermatic plexus
T10 spinal segment
28
Which cell forms the blood-testis barrier. What happens within the sertoli cells
sertoli cells. They are the cells of the seminiferous tubules
Progenitor speratogonia cells differentiate gradually into sperm
29
Which cells form the seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells
30
What does sympathetic.parasympathetic do to the bladder?
Sympathetic is STORAGE
Parasympathetic is PEEING
T10-L2 for sympathetic
S2-S4 for parasympathetic
31
Arterial supply to bladder?
INTERNAL ILIAC:
Superior vesicle
Vaginal
Gluteal/obturator
32
Venous drainage of bladder?
vesical plexus
33
Lymphatic drainage of bladder?
common iliac nodes
internal iliac nodes
external iliac nodes
34
Layers of bladder
mucosa - columanar epithelium, lamina proprial
submucosa
detrusor
adventicia
35
Describe the full structure of sperm
HEAD = acrosome at the front and then nucleus containing genetic material
NECK = contains the centrioles (proximal and distal, which are necessary to initiate zygotic division
Mid piece = contain mitochondria which generate energy for swimming
Tail = longitudinal fibres (2x beta centrally) (9x alpha peripherally)
END PIECE
36
Describe the degrees of prolapse
0 - no prolapse
1 - >1cm in from the hymen
2 - <1cm in from the hymen - proximal or distal
3 - prolapsed beyond the hymen >1cm but <2cm past the hymen
4 - complete eversion of the vagina
37
What is the linea terminalis made of
It is basically the inlet of the pelvis (minus the sacral bit). It is made from the arcuate line (medial border or ileum), the pectinial line and the pubic crest (from the pubic symphsis to the pubic tubercles)
38
Descibe the inferior border of the pelvic inlet
pubic symphsis --> inferior ischiopubic rami --> ishial tuberosity (the large ligament that covers here is the sacrotuberous ligament
39
What does the sacrospinous ligament link to
ischial spine and the sacrum
40
What does the sacrotuberous ligament link to
sacrum and ischeal tuberosity
41
What do sertoli and leydig cells secrete?
Which receptors do they have?
Sertoli = secrete inhibin. FSH receptors
Leydig = secrete testosterone, LH receptors
42
What angle is the pelvic inlet at in anatomical position in comparison to the horizontal
50-60 degrees
43
Venous drainage of uterus, ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix
uterine veins, ovarian vein, vaginal venous plexus, uterine and ovarian veins, uterine veins
44
Venous drainage of small bowel and large bowel
small = superior mesenteric vein and hepatic portal vein
large = superior and inferior mesenteric veins and
45
Venous drainage of kidneys, bladder, ureters
renal veins - drain into IVC, vesical venous plexus, renal veins and superior/inferior vesical veins
46
Venous drainage of spleen, pancreas, stomach
splenic vein, pancreaticoduodenal veins and pancreatic veins, gastric veins and gastroepiplioc veins and short gastric veins
47
Where do each ovarian vein drain into
left - renal vein
right - IVC
48
What is the hepatic portal vein made of?
SMA and splenic (IMA drains into this)
49
What makes up the pudendal nerve?
Branches?
Which muscles does it innervate?
S2-4
Innervates levtor ani, bulbospongiosus, ischiospongiosus, external urethral spincter (women), external anal sphincter,
Branches - inferior rectal, perineal, dorsal nerve of the clitoris
NOT INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER - innervated by pelvic splanchnic nerves
50
What are the layers of an oocyte?
Outer most layer - corona radiata.
Then zona pellucida - for acrosome reaction
51
Innervation of the anal sphincters
Internal = pelvic splanchnic (S4). Involuntary. Sympathetic is contraction
External = inferior rectal branch of pudendal (S2-4)
52
What is meralgia paresthstica?
Another name for lateral cutaneous femoral nerve entrapment.
Causes tingling or sensory change of lateral thigh with no muscle weakness
53
Sensory nerve supply to the external femal genitalia
Anterior labia - ilioinguinal nerve (branches into anterior labial nerves)
Posterior labia - perineal nerve from the pudendal nerve
Mons pubis - genital branch from genitofemoral nerve
54
Describe the degrees of perineal tear following birth
1st - vaginal mucosa or frenulum of labia minora
2nd - into perineal muscle but sparing the anal sphincter
3 - extends to anal sphincter
A - partial external anal sphincter tear with <50% thickness
B - partial external anal sphincter tear with >50% thickness
C - involves internal anal sphincter
4 - involves rectal mucosa
55
How many lobules are within each testi
What is a lobule
250-400
Functional unit of the tesis. Contains about 3 seminiferous tubules. Lobules are separated by fibroud septa which are extensions of the tunica albuginea
56
What is the boundary of the true pelvis
The pelvic brim.
57
What divides the pelvis into anterior and posterior
the vagina
58
What part of the nephron does ADH act on and what does it do?
The collecting duct. It increases the number of aquaporins which reabsorb water
59
Origins of the following arteries: uterine, vaginal, ovarian
Uterine - anterior division of the internal iliac artery
Vaginal - internal iliac
Ovarian - aorta
60
Describe the course of the pudendal nerve
Forms from S2-4 and exits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen. Travels along the border of the sacrospinous ligament and re-ernters the pelvis by the lesser sciatic foramen
61
What are the contents of the greater sciatic foramen
Nerves = Sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves, posterior femoral cutenous nerve, nerve to quadratis femoria and nerve to obturator internus
Vessels = superior and inferior gluteal artery and vein, internal pudendal artery and vein
Muscles = piriformis
62
What are the average measurements of the pelvic inlet: oblique, anteroposterior, transverse
oblique = 12cm
anteroposterior = 11cm
transverse = 13cm
63
What does the femoral canal contain?
Femoral artery (branches into common and deep)
Femoral vein (branches the great saphenous vein = the saphenofemoral junction)
Femoral nerve and terminal branches
Femoral sheath
Deep inguinal nodes
Genital branch of genito-femoral nerve not in this
64
What are antigen presenting cells?
They find antigens and present them to the T cells. However, most cells can do this via major histocompatability compex (MHC) type 1 and are called non-professional APCs.
Macrophages are professional APCs and present using MHC1 and MHC2 which means they can recruit CD4 (t helper cells) and CD8 (cytotoxic t cells)
65
Give examples of APCs
macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells
66
Where do macrophages develop from
monocytes
67
Describe the anatomy of the inguinal fossa
The inguinal fossa is located on the peritoneal surface of the anterior abdominal wall.
It has 3 thicker areas which are:
- lateral umbilical fold - contains the inferior epigastric artery
- medial umbilical ligament: remnant of the umbilical artery
- median umbilical ligament: remnant of urachus
68
What does urachus become?
What is it?
Fibroud structure in the midline attaching the bladder to the belly button.
It becomes the MEDIAN umbilical ligament
69
What is the MEDIAL umbilical ligament a remnant of?
umbilical arteries
70
What is the lateral umbilical?
What does it contain?
Contains the inferior epigastric arteries
71
Describe the boundaries of the inguinal canal
Anterior = aponeurosis of the external oblique - laterally reinforced by the internal oblique apneurosis
Posterior = conjoint tendon (medial) and transversal is fascia
Floor = inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament
Roof = internal oblique and transverse abdominis
72
What does the inguinal canal contain?
Females = round ligament of the uterus, ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Males = spermatic cord, ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
73
What contributes to the lumbar plexus
T12-L4
74
Which nerves come from the lumbar plexus and which spinal roots are they from?
TOTAL PLEXUS = T12-L4
Iliohypogastric - T12/L1
Ilionguinal - L1
Genitofemoral - L1/L2
Lateral cutaneous femoral - L2/L3
Femoral - L2-L4
Accessory obturator - L2/3
Obturator - L2-L4
Lumbosacral trunk
75
Where does the ilioingiunal nerve come from ?
What does it inneravate?
L1
MOTOR: internal oblique, transversus abdominis
SENSORY: anterior labia, anterior scrotum
76
Where does the iliohypogastric nerve come from ?
What does it inneravate?
T12/L1
MOTOR: internal oblique, transversus abdominis
SENSORY: mons pubis, upper buttock
77
Where does the genitofemoral nerve come from?
What does it inneravate?
L1/L2
MOTOR: cremaster muscle
SENSORY: (femoral branch) upper medial thigh, scrotum (genital branch)
78
Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve come from?
What does it inneravate?
L2/L3
NO MOTOR.
SENSORY: lateral thigh
79
Where does the femoral nerve come from?
What does it inneravate?
L2-L4
MOTOR: QUADS - quadriceps femoris, pectinius, sartorius, iliopsoas
SENSORY: anterior medial thigh (anterior femoral), medial lower leg (saphenous)
80
Where does the obturator nerve come from?
What does it inneravate?
L2-L4
MOTOR: ADDUCTORS (magnus, longus, brevis), pectinius, gracilis, obturator externus
SENSORY: medial upper thigh
81
Which is the narrowest portion of the male urethra
membranous. Contains the external urethral sphincter
82
Boundaries of the pelvic outlet
POSTERIOR = tip of coccyx
POSTEROLATERAL = sacrotuberous ligaments
LATERAL = ischial tuberosities
ANTERIOR = pubic arch
83
What supplies the sympathetic nerves to the uterus and cervix
inferior hypogastric plexus.
T10-L1.
During labour the pain is therefore referred here.
84
What supplies the PARAsympathetic nerves to the uterus and cervix
mainly the pudendal nerve from S2-4.
Also contributing - branch of the femoral nerve and the genitofemoral nerve
85
Where doe sthe vagina drain lymph to?
UPPER vagina = internal and external iliac nodes
LOWER vagina = inguinal nodes
86
Name the drainage of the different parts of the female reproductive tract into the lymph system: breast, ovary, tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina
breast - axillary and parasternal
ovary - para-aortic
tubes - paraaortic
cervix - external iliac
uterus - internal iliac but fundus para-aortic
vagina - lower to inguinal, upper to I/E iliac nodes
87
Which bone forms the arcuate line
internal border of the ilium.
88
What are the contents of the broad ligament
2 TUBES, 2 OVARY, 2 UTERUS
fallopian tubes (as in we have two tubes)
ovarian artery, ovarian ligament
uterine artery, round ligament of uterus
89
Layers of the testis
INNER TO OUTER:
Tunical vascularis
Tunica albuginea
tunical vaginalis (visceral)
tunical vaginalis (parietal)
fascia
dartos muscle
Skin
90
lymph drainage of the scrotum
superficial inguinal nodes
91
artery to scrotum
anterior scrotal artery
posterior scrotal artery
92
vein to scrotum
testicular vein
93
nerves to scrotum
anterior scrotal nerve
posterior scrotal nerve
genital branch of genitofemoral
posterior femoral cutaneous
94
What is the function of piriformis muscle
external rotation of the hip
inserts onto greater trochanter.
originates from the sacrum
innervated by nerve to piriformis L5-S2
95
parasympathetic innervation of bladder
pelvic splanchnic nerves - S2-4
96
What is the superficial inguinal ring a hole in
external oblique anoneurosis
97
Describe the rectus sheath above and below the arcuate line
ABOVE = the rectus abdominis lies in the internal oblique aponeurosis.
BELOW = the rectus pierces the transversalis and travels behind it
98
Where is the arcuate line
1/3 from the belly button to the pubis
99
In early labour which deramtome is pain referred to?
T11-T12
100
What type of joint is the sacroiliac
synovial
101
What type of joint is the pubic symphsis
secondary cartilaginous
102
What is the normal functional bladder capacity of a human?
400-600ml
103
Describe the structure of the detrusor muscle
3 layers
2x outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers with one circular muscle layer
104
Which cells secrete renin in the kidneys
juxtaglomerular cells
105
What is the juxtoglomerular apparatus made of?
1. juxtoglomerular cells - secrete renin
2. macula densa - measures changes in NaCl
3. extraglomerular mesangial cells
106
What is the rectus sheath made of
aponeurosis of internal, external oblique and transversalis
107
Arterial supply to: ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon, distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, upper 2/3 rectum, bottom 1/3 rectum, anus
ascending colon = SMA (right colic)
proximal 2/3 of transverse colon = SMA (middle colic)
distal 1/3 of transverse colon = IMA (left colic)
descending colon = IMA (left colic)
sigmoid = sigmoid (IMA)
upper 2/3 rectum = superior rectal (IMA)
bottom 1/3 rectum = middle rectal (internal iliac)
anus = inferior rectal (pudendal)
108
Which muscles are in the superficial peroneal pouch?
Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transver peroneal
109
What does the round ligament of the uterus originate from?
The gubernaculum
110
Where do the bladder arteries come from
internal iliac
111
Which part of the kidney are the functional units (nephrons)
In the renal cortex.
112
Which nucleus in the hypothalamus releases oxytocin, vasopressin, somatostatin, TRH and CRH
paraventricular nucleus
113
Superior and inferior borders of the deep peroneal pouch?
superior = urogenital diaphragm
inferior = peroneal membrane
Contents = external urethral sphincter, deep transverse peroneal muscle, urethrovaginal sphincter, compressor urethrae muscle
114
Which nerve innervates the testis
T10, spermatic plexus
115
Artery to: foregut, midgut, hindgut
Foregut = Coeliac Trunk
Midgut = Superior Mesenteric
Hindgut = Inferior Mesenteric
116
When can the urge to void first be felt
150ml
117
Which parts of the urethra are found within the deep perineal pouch
women - proximal
men - membranous
118
How does the epithelium in the male urethra change
proximal - transitional
middle - stratified columnar
distal - stratified squamous
119
What is the posterior scrotal artery a branch of?
internal pudendal
120
How much colder is the scrotum than the body
2 degs
121
Where does the vaginal artery arise from
usually internal iliac but can come from uterine
122
What is the anterior scrotal artery a branch of?
internal pudendal
123
Where does glucose reabsorption occur in the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
124
Describe the breast anatomy
15-20 lobes
each lobe contains lobules
each lobule contains a group of alveoli
alveoli are milk-secreting cuboidal cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells
125
how many nephrons does the average kidney contain
1,000,000
126
Where does the pituitary gland sit?
sella turcica. This is an impression in the sphenoid bone
127
Where in the brain is the hypothalamus located?
In the diencephalon
