Anatomy Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What is the hierarchy of complexity?
A
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
2
Q
What are the parts of the cell?
A
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
mitochondria
lysosomes
Cytostol
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
3
Q
What are the parts of the plasma membrane?
A
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head
4
Q
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
A
A physical barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
Selectable permeability
Transport of substances inside and outside of the cell
Communication between cells
5
Q
What are the types of tissues?
A
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective
6
Q
What is epithelial tissue?
A
Tissue that provides a covering for organs and structures
7
Q
What is connective tissue?
A
Tissue that provides support for structures
8
Q
What is muscular tissue?
A
Tissue that provides body movement
9
Q
What is nervous tissue?
A
Tissue that helps control homeostasis
10
Q
What are the types of transport?
A
Passive
Active
10
Q
What are the types of passive transport?
A
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
10
Q
What are the types of active transport?
A
Primary
Secondary
11
Q
What is the primary active transport?
A
Transport that directly uses ATP hydrolysiss
11
Q
What is secondary active transport?
A
Transport that involves coupling a molecule with another molecule
12
Q
A
13
Q
A
14
Q
A
15
Q
A
16
Q
What are the types of epithelial tissue?
A
Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified
16
Q
What are the functions of epithelial cells?
A
Absorption
Protection
Secretion
Excretion
Filtration
Sensory reception
16
Q
What is a tissue?
A
A group of cells that have a similar structure and function working together as a unit to perform a function
16
Q
Where are epithelial tissues found?
A
Mouth
Skin
Respiratory tract
Bladder
Digestive tract
Air sac
Ovary surface
17
Q
What are the functions of connective tissue?
A
Binding and support
Fuel storage
Insulation
Protection
Transport of substances
18
Q
What is the structure of connective tissue?
A
Cells
Ground substance
Fibers
19
What are the types of connective tissue?
Bone
Cartilage
Connective tissue
Liquid connective tissue
20
What are the functions of muscular tissue?
Produce body movement
Stabilise body positions
Produce body heat
Store and move substances within the body
21
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
22
What are organs?
Structures of two or more tissues organized to carry out a function
23
What is an organ system?
A group of organs with a related function
24
What are the functions of the nervous system?
Detect internal and external stimulus
Process sensory information
Elicit an appropriate response by activating effectors causing muscles and glands to contract
25
What are the components of the nervous system?
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Afferent
Efferent
26
What does a receptor do?
Detects a change in the internal or external environment
27
What does the afferent do?
Transmits information from the receptor to the control center
28
What does the control center do?
Integrates information and decides the outcome
29
What does the efferent do?
Transmits information from the control center to the effector
30
What does the effector do?
Carries out a response
31
What are the main divisions of the nervous system?
Central
Peripheral
32
What are the parts of the central nervous system?
Brain
Spinal cord
33
What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Automic
Somatic
34
What is the automatic system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
35
What are the types of nervous system cells?
Neuron
Neuroglia
36
What are the types of Neuroglia?
Satellite cells
Schwan cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Epenogmal
37
What neuroglia are a part of the peripheral nervous system?
Satellite cells
Schwan cells
38
What do satellite cells do?
Provide strucutre in the peropheral nervous system
39
What do Schwan cells do?
Form the Myelin sheets of the peripheral nervous system
40
What neuroglia are a part of the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microcytes
Ependymal cells
41
What do oligodendrocytes?
Form and maintain the myelin sheets in the central nervous system
42
What do astrocytes do?
support endothelial cells
43
What do microglia do?
Phagocytosis
44
What do ependymal cells do?
Move spinal fluid
45
What is a neuron?
The basic functional unit of the nervous system
46
What is the synapse?
The site of transmission between neurons, muscles, and glands
47
What are action potentials?
Electrical impulses that send signals throughout the body
48
What are ion channels?
They are a form of facilitated diffusion that allow specific ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane due to gates
49
What are the types of ion channels?
Voltage-gated
Leak
ligand
50
What are leak channels?
Channels that randomly alternate between open and closed
51
What are voltage-gated channels?
Channels that open and close in response to membrane potential changes
52
What are ligand channels?
Channels that open in response to binding
53
What are membrane potentials?
The difference in electrical potentials inside and outside the cells
54
How do neurons communicate?
Via action potentials that depend on membrane potentials
55
How are membrane potentials regulated?
By ions moving in and outside the cell via ion channels
56
What are the phases of the action potential?
Resting potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
57
What is the resting potential?
When the inactivation gate for sodium is open
58
What is depolarization?
When the sodium activation gates open and the ions reach the threshold
59
What is repolarization?
When the activation gate for sodium closes and opens for potassium and the action potential; is at its peak
60
What is hyperpolarization?
When the potassium gates remain open and the membrane potential is lower than the action potential
61
What is the propagation of action potentials?
The movement of action potentials across a membrane
62
What are the types of propagation?
Continuous
Satatory
63
What is continuous propagation?
propagation along unmyelinated axons
64
What is satatory propagation?
propagation along myelinated axons
65
What causes multpile secrous
Progressive destruction of the myelin sheets
66
What are the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system?
Meninges
Cerebrol spinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier
Brain and spinal cord
67
What is the meninges?
It's a protective membrane
68
What does the cerebral spinal fluid do
protect the brain from trauma
Moves nutrients between the blood-brain barrier and the nervous system cells
69
What does the blood-brain barrier do?
stops harmful substances from entering the brain and spinal cord
70
What are the brain and spinal cord made of?
endothelial cells
71
What are the layers of the meninges?
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter
72
What is cerebral spinal fluid made of?
ependymal cells
73
What are the parts of the brain?
Cerebum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Diencephalon
74
What is the cerebrum?
The part of the brain that is divided into left and right
75
What is the diencephalon?
The part of the brain that contains the thymus,the hypothalamus,and spinal gland
76
What is the cerebellum?
The part of the brain that controls movement and balance
77
What are the parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Oblongata
78
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outer layer of the cerebellum
79
What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?
Sulcus
Fissure
Gyrus
Inter neurons
80
What are the lobes of the brain?
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
Parietal
81
What does the temporal lobe deal with?
Memory
Smell
Speach
82
What does the frontal lobe deal with?
Short term memory
Goals
83
What does the occipital lobe deal with?
Vission
84
What does the parietal lobe do?
Receives sensory information
85
What does the precentral gyrus deal with?
Voluntary control
86
What is the limbic system?
The part of the brain that is involved in behavioral or emotional responses
87
What is the hippocampus?
Memory center
88
What does the amygdala deal with
emotional response
89
What is a reflex arc?
A nerve impulse passes from a receptor to the spinal cord and the spinal cord to the effector without going back to the brain
90
What is the role of the spinal cord?
Provides a means of communication between the brain and peripheral nerves
91
What are the parts of the reflex arc
Receptor
Sensory neurons
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector
92
What does the automatic nervous system do?
Regulates the body's involuntary automatic functions
93
What are examples of involuntary functions?
Blood pressure
Digestion
Sexual response
Heart and Breathing rates
94
What are the divisions of the autonomic system?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
95
What is the sympathetic system?
Fight or flight
96
What is the parasympathetic system?
Active during rest
97
What do Schwann cells do?
Produce and maintain myelin sheets in the peripheral nervous system?
98
What are the automatic system neural pathways?
sensory receptors
sensory neurons
control center
motor neurons
99
What does the antidiuretic hormone do?
Controls whether dilute or concentrated urine is formed
100
When is a large volume of dilute urine formed?
When fluid intake is high
101
When is a small volume of concentrated urine formed?
When fluid intake is low
102
How is blood pressure altered?
Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation
Decreasing blood volume
103
How does the R-A-S system affect the body?
Vasoconstriction
An increase in thirst
Water and sodium retention
104
What does Angiotensin II do?
Systemic vasoconstriction
Binds to the hypothalamus to stimulate thirst
Acts on the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
105
What does aldosterone do?
Stimulates the collecting ducts to reabsorb more sodium and secrete potassium
106
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Excretion of waste
Production of hormones
Regulation of blood ion levels
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pH
107
What are the parts of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureter
Urethra
Bladder
108
What are the layers of the kidneys?
Renal fascia
Fat capsule
Renal capsule
109
What are the parts of the nephrons?
Renal tubules
Renal corpuscles
110
What are the parts of the renal capsule?
Glomerulus
Glomerulus capsule
111
What does the afferent arteriole do?
Brings blood to the glomerulus
112
What are the parts of the renal tubules?
Proximal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubules
113
What are the layers of the glomerulus?
Fenestrated endothelium
Basement membrane
Podocytes
114
What is the role of kidneys?
filter blood
115
What does Renin do?
Breaks down angiotensinogen
116
What does angiotensinogen-converting enzyme do?
Breaks down angiotensinogen I in Angiotensinogen II
