Anatomy Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
The Layers of the Scalp?
A
SCALP
5 Layers
S = Skin
C = Connective tissue
A = Aponeurosis–Flattened tendon that connects the front lobe to the occipital lobe
L = Loose connective tissue
P= Pericranium–Layer that attached to the bone from inside
the scalp arteries form a rich anastomotic network just deep to the skin – scalp lacerations (cut) & incisions can bleed excessively
basically where the connective tissue is
bone-Skull
2
Q
Bone
Bones of the skull?
A
Sutures (fibrous joints) help prevent skull fractures from spreading
Fx cannot jump over the suture and the fx stops at the suture
Remember that some are bilateral and some are single (hahaha)
3
Q
thinnest part of the skull? the related artery?
A
4
Q
base of the skull bone and features?
A
5
Q
Meninges and Meningitis?
A
6
Q
Dura mater?
A
7
Q
falx cerebri?
A
8
Q
venous drainage of the brain?
A
9
Q
Arterial Supply to the Brain?
A
10
Q
Circle of Willis?
A
11
Q
Subarachnoid Space?
A
12
Q
Ventricles of the Brain?
A
13
Q
Circulation of CSF?
A
14
Q
Hydrocephalus?
A
15
Q
Blood Vessels within the Cranial Cavity?
A
16
Q
Bleeding Within the Cranial Cavity?
A
17
Q
Raised ICP, Herniations & Clinical Signs?
A
18
Q
Cranial Numerals, names and fibre types?
A
19
Q
Course of a Cranial Nerve?
A
20
Q
Foraminae?
A
21
Q
Intracranial Part of the Course?
A
22
Q
Trigeminal Nerve?
A
23
Q
Trigeminal Nerve – Sensory Innervation?
A
24
Q
Trigeminal Nerve – Motor Innervation?
A
25
Clinical Testing of Trigeminal?
26
Facial Nerve?
27
Facial Nerve – Middle Ear Cavity
28
Muscles of Facial Expression?
29
Glossopharyngeal Nerves?
30
Vagus Nerves course?
31
Vagus Nerves - in the Chest?
32
Vagus Nerves - in the Neck?
33
Vagus nerves, in the Abdomen?
34
Clinical Testing of the Vagus Nerves?
35
Spinal Accessory Nerves-course?
36
Spinal Accessory Nerves--Clinical testing?
37
Hypoglossal Nerves---Course?
38
Hypoglossal Nerves clinical testing?
39
Summary of Clinical Testing of Cranial Nerves?
40
The body wall innervation?
Each pair of spinal nerves supplies everything in one segment of the body wall
* Somatic general sensory e.g. Temperature, pain, tingling
* Motor functions e.g. muscle weakness, loss of balance
Somatic
Sympathetic
41
Clinical anatomy of testing each spinal nerve segment’s?
sensory function - dermatomes
motor function - myotomes
both of the above simultaneously – spinal cord reflexes
42
Dermatomes and Examining the Spinal Nerve Dermatomes?
- Most peripheral nerves communicate with the CNS through the spinal cord (except trigeminal)
- Arrangement of paired dorsal and ventral roots giving rise to the spinal nerves is repeated 31 times, forming the spinal segments
- Area of skin innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a single segment is a dermatome
- When mapped the dermatomes delineate a set of bands on the body surface
- If a single dorsal root is cut the corresponding dermatome does not lose all sensation because of a degree of overlap with the region of adjacent dorsal roots
Note: innervation of the anterior head is by the trigeminal system
43
Trigemminal system
44
Shingles?
- Shingles is due to infection of the dorsal root ganglion neurones by Varicella zoster (causes chickenpox in childhood)
- In adulthood the virus may reactivate (typically in a single ganglion) revealing, anatomically, as inflamed and blistered skin, the dermatome innervated by that ganglion
45
Testing dermatomal sensory function?
46
what is peripheral cutenbouse innervation like in the thigh?
47
what is peripheral cutenbouse innervation like in the neck?
48
what is peripheral cutenbouse innervation like in the trunk?
49
Posterior part of the back dermatomes are supplied by---
posterior rami
50
what is peripheral cutenbouse innervation like in the upper limb?
51
what is peripheral cutenbouse innervation like in the lower limb?
52
Testing sensory function of a peripheral cutaneous nerve?
53
Examination of Myotomes?
54
femoral nerve motor innervation?
55
clinical testing of upper limb myotomes?
56
clinical testing of lower limb myotomes?
57
Testing a spinal nerve myotome for motor function?
58
Spinal cord reflexes?
59
Muscle Paralysis vs Spasticity?
60
Summary of Peripheral nerve motor innervation of
Head
Neck
Trunk
Back
61
Summary of Peripheral nerve motor innervation of upper limb?
62
Summary of Peripheral nerve motor innervation of lower limb?
63
Surface Anatomy of the Back – muscle and Bony Landmarks?
64
Extrinsic back muscle?
65
# z
Intrinsic Back Muscles?
66
Erector spinae?
67
Transversospinalis?
68
Axial image of the muscles around the vertebrae?
69
Movement of the spine?
70
Vertebral column?
71
Curvatures of the Vertebral Column?
72
Curvatures abnormalities?
73
Typical vertebra bony structures?
74
Foraminae and Joints?
75
Intervertebral Discs?
76
Ligaments of the vertebra?
77
features of cervical vertebra and
C1
C2
C7
78
Atlanto-occipital joint?
79
Atlanto-axial joint?
80
Lateral C-Spine Radiograph?
81
Presented with this Lateral C-Spine Radiograph in A & E.
What abnormality is indicated by the white arrow?
Which vertebra(e) is/are involved?
Which other major structure may be damaged as a result of this injury?
Can you think of a reason why the major structure may escape without being damaged in instances of slight dislocation?
Dislocation
C6/C7
Spinal cord, disc, vasculature, ligament
Large vertebral canal in this region means that spinal cord may not be impaired
82
Cervical Vertebrae Disclocation
83
The sacrum bony landmarks?
84
Spinal cord?
85
About the end of the spinal cord?
86
Epidural Anaesthetic
87
Spinal Anaesthetic?
88
Anatomy of Caudal Anaesthesia?
89
Laminectomy?
90
the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
91
Collection of the nerve cell bodies in
PNS
CNS
Ganglion
Nuscleus
92
The devision of the neuron?
93
What is a nerve?
94
Cranial nerves, modality, location?
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velever Ah Heaven
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
95
96
Spinal nerves names and numbers?
97
Rootlets, root, rami, spinal nerve
98
motor and sensory roots?
99
Dermatomes vs mayotomes?
Modalities=
Motor-makes sth happen
Sensory-pick up sensation
Somatic (sensory, motor)-body wall; skeletal muscles, bones, skin, internal lining of the body cavities
Visceral (afferent/efferent)=internal, organs
Visceral efferent= motor, not thinking abt it=automatic= autonomic nerves
Retain homeostasis both para and sympa
100
Nerve plexuses?
101
Peripheral nerve cutaneouse vs dermatomes?
the dermatome map of the limbs, which illustrates the areas of skin supplied by fibers from each of the **spinal nerves**, is different from the cutaneous nerve map, which shows the areas of skin supplied by each of the cutaneous branches of **the peripheral nerves.**
102
Sympathetic innervation?
103
Sympathetic innervation to
the heart
lung
abdomen
adrenal medulla
104
Parasympathetic innervation?
105
Horner syndrome?
