Anatomy Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Morphology
A
Body structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
Functions of the body
3
Q
Homeostasis
A
Body steady state
4
Q
Pathology
A
Disease and disease causing agents
5
Q
Gross anatomy
A
Parts we can see with our eyes
6
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
Need a microscope to see
7
Q
Radiography
A
X-ray (good for hard/dense objects like bone)
8
Q
Tomography
A
X-ray all angles to see 3D image
(Computer aided tomography- CAT scan)
9
Q
What does computer aided tomography mean
A
CAT scan ( gives a 3D image)
10
Q
Ultrasonography
A
Uses Sound waves (medium/dense tissue)
11
Q
Magnetic resonance imagery
A
MRI- uses magnetic waves (good for soft tissue)
12
Q
What’s anatonical position?
A
•Face forward
•Arms at side
•Palms forward
•Feet forward
•Standing up
13
Q
What does superior mean?
A
Above
14
Q
What does inferior mean?
A
Below
15
Q
What does anterior mean?
A
Front
16
Q
What does posterior mean?
A
Back
17
Q
What Does medial mean?
A
Towards the middle
18
Q
What does latial mean?
A
Not by middle
19
Q
What does proximal mean?
A
Toward point of origin
20
Q
What does oistal mean?
A
Away from point of origin
21
Q
Superficial
A
Towards outside (relaxing massage)
22
Q
Deep
A
Deep inside ( deep massage)
23
Q
What’s the 3 body planes
A
•sagittal
•coronal
•transverse
24
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Left and right
25
Coronal plane
Front to back
26
Transverse plane
Top to bottom
27
Cell membrane
The outer limit of a cell
(Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment)
28
Cytoplasm
Gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
29
Cytoplasmic organelles
“Little organs” that are suspended in the cytoplasm of a cell
Ex: Mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, lysosomes
30
Mitochondria
“Power house” source of chemical energy for the cell
(ATP)
31
What is ATP?
The source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
32
Lysosomes
Capable of strong chemical breakdown
(Membrane enclosed organelle)
33
Cilia/Flagella
Can move things (sweeping action)
34
Vesical
How the cell eats
35
Microfilaments
Can produce movement
Can shorten, pull, move things
(Muscle cells have a lot of microfilaments to be able to move)
36
Nucleus
Directs all activity of cell (brains of cell)
37
Chromatin
Chromosomes
(Can make replica so as you age the less it works so takes longer to heal)
38
Mitosis
Give a direct replica (daughter cell)
39
Hyperplasia
To many cells, making more then what you need (causes tumours/cancer)
40
Anaplasia
Makes different cell not same as rest so has no purpose
41
Metastasis
Speed the different cell starts to replicate (if it don’t spread called benign)
42
Muscle tissue can only?
Contract, don’t push can pull/it can shorten under power, when shorten become larger (flexing)
43
What’s the 3 types of muscle tissue?
•Skeletal muscle
•smooth muscle
•cardiac muscle
44
Skeletal muscle moves
Consciously (voluntarily)
45
Myofilament
Actin + myosin
Inside muscle cell (or muscle fiber)
46
Smooth muscle moves
•Unconscious (involuntary)
•Contracts all different angles (shrink down)
•can stay contracted for a long time
47
Nerve tissue is found in?
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves (all nerves down body)
48
What’s is the function of nerve tissue
•transmits electrical impulses (can tell how much electrical energy something has)(responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities)
49
What’s two types of fibre extensions
•axon
•dendrite
50
What’s the main function of Axon
Portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
51
Whats the main function of Dendrite
To receive and store all incoming information from axon terminals (the structure of neurons, which conduct electrical impulses towards the cell body of the nerve cell)
52
Name 4 membranes in the body
•Mucous membrane
•Serous membrane
•Synovial membrane
•Cutaneous membrane
53
Mucous membrane function
•Lines the inside of organs and cavities throughout your body that are exposed to particles from the outside.
•lubricates and protects organs and cavities from abrasive particles, bodily fluids and invasive pathogens
54
Serous membrane function
•Line and enclose several body cavities
•secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements
•prevents infection from spreading organ to organ
55
Synovial membrane function
•Protects joints where they surround, they form what’s called a synovial capsule around your joints
•work with tendons, cartilage and ligaments to REDUCE FRICTION BETWEEN BONES
56
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
57
Name 7 functions of the skin
•Provides a protective barrier
•prevents loss of moisture
•Reduces harmful effects of UV rays
•Acts as sensory organ
•Helps regulate temperature
•Excrete waste (sweat glands)
•An immune organ to detect infection
58
What’s the two layers of skin called?
•Epidermis
•Dermis
59
Functions of Epidermis
•Outermost layer of skin
•Protects your body from harm
•keeps your body hydrated
•excrete waste
•temperature regulation
•sensation
60
What is the epidermis made of?
Made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells called keratinocytes
61
What’s the Function of the dermis?
•support and protect the skin and deeper layers
•assist in thermoregulation and sensation
62
What’s the dermis made of
•contains connective tissue, hair follicles, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and sweat glands, nerve sensory fibres
•Found beneath the epidermis
63
What is Keratin?
A protein that makes cell hard
64
What does keratin help?
•helps form hair, nails, and skins outer layer (epidermis), also helps heal wounds
65
Keratinocytes functions In the skin
• play an essential role in protection, as they form a tight barrier that prevents foreign substances from entering the body
•minimizing the loss of moisture heat, and other constituents
66
How thick is skin?
• skin can be 0.8-1.4mm thick
•In older people it can get down to 0.07mm
67
What is melanin (melanocytes)?
•Pigment, the more melanil sites you have the darker you will be
68
How thick is the dermis?
about 1.5mm thick
69
3 types of nerves in the dermis
•Pacinian corpuscles
•Meissner corpuscles
•Free nerve endings
70
Where is the Subcutaneous later?
What’s it’s function?
•Under the dermis
•It’s the deepest layer of the skin, attaches the other skin layers to tissues under the skin like muscles and bones
71
What’s the subcutaneous layer made of?
•Loose connective tissue
•Adipose tissue (good insulation)
•Major blood vessels
72
What is bone made of?
Mineralized connective tissue
73
What is adipose tissue function?
•Provide energy storage
•Insulation from extreme temperatures
•Cushioning around soft organs
74
What is Hair follicles and where is it found?
•Tube like structure that surrounds the root and strand of hair
•found in the top 2 layers of skin
75
Where is the Hair root, what kind of cells do it contain?
Deeper in the skin
Has epidermal cells
76
Darker hair means?
More melanin
77
Arrector pili muscle
•Tiny muscle connected to each hair follicle and the skin
•causes hair to stand, and a “goosebump” forms on the skin
78
Sebaceous gland
•Small oil producing gland in the skin
•Usually attached to hair follicles and produces sebum (make hair shiny)
79
What are nails made out of?
•Hardened epithelial cells
•has lots of keratin
80
What are the two types of sweat glands?
•Eccrine
•Apocrine
81
Eccrine
•sweat gland
•exits through pore
•helps regulate temperature
•born with this
82
Apocrine
•sweat gland
•exits into hair follicle
•after puberty
83
1st degree burn
•epidermis layer
•no scars
84
2nd degree burn
•down to the dermis
•can recover with no scaring
•blisters some thickening of skin
85
3rd degree burn
•down to the subcutaneous layer
•killed accessory organs
•thickens skin
•white leathery appearance
86
What is mitosis?
The devision of cells
87
Properties of epithelial tissue
•fast mitosis
•no blood vessels
•tightly packed
•form the covering of all body surfaces
•line body cavities and hollow organs
•major tissue in glands
88
What are the 3 primary functions of epithelial tissue?
•protective barrier
•secreting substances
•absorbing substances
89
What is the function of collagen fibres?
To provide structure, strength and support throughout the body
90
Function of hyaline cartilage
•Helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints
•Supporting and reinforce body structures and joints
91
3 functions of Adipose tissue
•provides cushioning around soft organs
•good heat insulation
•energy storage and release
•hormone secretion
92
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
93
Leukocytes
White blood cells
94
Skeletal system contains
•support
•protection
•levers (joints)
•stores minerals
95
Skeletal system make up
• blood cells
•cartilage
•fibrous connective tissue
•blood supply
•nerve tissue
96
4 classifications of bones
•long bones
•short bones
•flat bones
•if neither of the above called irregular bone
97
Long bone
•Two ends called epiphysis
•Middle/shaft of bone called diaphysis
•longer than it is wide
98
Periosteal/periosteum
•wraps around outer layer of bone
•contains fibrous connective tissue
99
Articular cartilage
•cartilage between bones
•a thin layer of specialized connective tissue with unique viscoelastic properties
100
Articular cartilage function
•Provide a smooth lubricated surface for low friction between opposing Articular cartilage
101
Process
•A process protrudes from a bone
•Serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments
•use as land marks
102
Diaphysis
•middle/shaft of bone
•Compact bone
103
Diaphysis is made up of
•Cortical bone
•contains brown marrow
•Adipose tissue
104
Epiphysis
•Ends of long bone which ossified separately from the bone shaft. Becomes fixed to the shaft when full growth is attained
•spongy bone
105
Epiphysis is made of
•spongy cancellous bone
•covered by thin layer of compact bone
106
Haversian canals/Osteonic
Very small microscopic holes in bones for blood vessels
107
Bone formation
•Bone starts as cartilage then ossifies to bone
•bones grow top to bottom
•if bone breaks at growth plate and don’t get fixed the bone won’t grow any longer
108
Hypertrophy
Bone gets thicker from physical stress
109
Atrophy
Bones can get thinner with no daily exercise
110
Medullary cavity
•the hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow
111
Bone marrow
Makes blood cells and stores fat
112
Red bone marrow
•produces blood cells
113
Yellow bone marrow
•Stores fat
•can produce red blood cells during life threatening situation (bleeding out)
114
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation
115
70% of the weight of bone is?
Calcium
116
Around how many bones in the body?
206
117
Axial
Everything but arms and legs
118
Appendicular
Arms and legs
119
Condyle
Rounded, knuckle like, large prominence point of articulation
120
Crest
A ridge / raised edge of bone
121
Epicondyle
Small bump or rise
(In elbow)
122
Fissure
A natural cleft between body parts
123
Foramen
Hole in bone
(Allows for the passage of structures from from one region to another)
124
Fossa
groove, depression in bone or hollow
125
Fovea
Small pit in bone
126
Line
Little ridge on bone
(Less prominent ridge then crest)
127
Ramus
A branch, such as a branch of blood vessels or nerves
128
Sinus
A cavity within a bone
129
Suture
Interlocking bones
130
Trochanter
Large prominence on the side of the bone
(Some of the largest muscle groups and most dense connective tissue is attached to the trochanter)
131
Tubercle
A small rounded prominence where connective tissues attach
132
Tuberosity
A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach
133
How do muscles contract?
Muscle contraction occurs when the thin actin and thick myosin filaments slide past each other causing shortening of the muscle
134
Thick filaments
Organized bundles of myosin
135
Thin filaments
Made of actin along with two other proteins
136
Myosin
•Superfamily of motor proteins
•Best known for their rolls in muscle contraction
•ATP dependent
•responsible for actin based motility
137
Actin
•Family of globular multi-functional proteins
•Form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton
•Form filaments in muscle fibrils
138
Function unit of nerve tissue
Nerve cell or neuron
