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FOUNDATIONAL NERVOUS SYSTEM > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Classify the nervous system anatomically

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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2
Q

Classify the nervous system functionally

A
  1. Somatic Nervous system
    - sensory : conscious (skin and joints)
    - motor : voluntary (skeletal muscle)
  2. Visceral Nervous System
    - sensory : subconscious (organs) except visceral/referred pain
    - motor : involuntary (smooth/ cardiac muscles and glands)

motor visceral nervous system is also known as autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What are neuroglia cells?

A
  • non-neuronal cells / glia cells
  • provide support and perform various functions for the neurons to function optimally
  1. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  2. Microglia (CNS)
  3. Astrocytes (CNS)
  4. Schwann cells (PNS)
  5. Ependymal cells

OMASE

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4
Q

What are neurons?

A
  • nerve cells
  • initiate and conduct electric impulses
  • secrete and transmit neurotransmitters
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5
Q

What are the components of CNS?

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
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6
Q

What are the components of PNS?

A
  1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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7
Q

What makes up the spinal cord

A
  1. Grey matter
    - dorsal horn
    - ventral horn
    - lateral horn
  2. white matter
    - bundle of nerve fibres
  3. meninges
    - pia
    - dura
    - arachnoid
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8
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A
  1. Diencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Cerebrum (forebrain)
  3. Cerebellum (hind brain)
  4. Brain stem (hind brain excluding the mid brain)

D CCB

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9
Q

What are the components of the brain stem?

A
  1. mid brain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
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10
Q

Function of the brain stem?

A
  • awakeness
  • vital centers
    ascending/ descending pathways
  • contains cranial nerve III to XIII
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11
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A
  • midline structure
  • large mass of grey matter embedded in the cerebrum
  • made up of
    1. thalamus
    2. hypothalamus
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12
Q

Function of Thalamus?

A
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13
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A
  • group of neurons
  • below and in front of the thalamus
  • linked to pituitary gland
    1. endocrine control
    2. neurosecretion
    3. head ganglion of ANS
    4. regulation of food and water intake
    5. sexual behaviour and reproduction
    6. biological clock
    7. part of limbic system
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14
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

made up of
1. grey matter : collectional of neuronal bodies
- cortical (cerebral cortex)
- subcortical/ deep
2. white matter: bundle of axons
3. cavities/ ventricles
- cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

Function of the cerebellum?

A
  • large part of the hindbrain
  • located behind pons and medulla oblongata
  1. coordinates voluntary movement
    - smooth, balance, accuracy
  2. controls
    - tone, posture and equilibrium
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16
Q

What is the basal ganglia/ nuclei?

A
  • group of nuclei in the brain situated deep in the cerebrum
  • strongly connected with cerebral cortex, thalamus and other areas
  • associated with motor control and learning
17
Q

What is the limbic system

A
  • several structures of brain located near fringes of cerebral cortex
  1. regulates emotions
  2. memory
  3. appetite
  4. autonomic and neuroendocrine
  5. smell
18
Q

Cavities and ventricles in brain and spinal cord?

A
19
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A
  • spine
  • spinal cord is NOT vertebral column, it stops at L1/L2
  • made up of
    7 cervical vertebrae
    12 thoracic vertebrae
    5 lumbar vertebrae
    1 sacral vertebrae
    1 coccyx vertebrae
20
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

gives rise to spinal canal where the spinal cord is located

21
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

where spinal nerves exit the spinal cord

22
Q

Function of dorsal horn?

A

sensory functions

23
Q

Function of the ventral horn?

A

motor functions (somato-motor)
- influence functions of skeletal muscles

24
Q

Function of lateral horn

A

autonomic functions (viscero-motor)
- influence functions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
- sympathetic

25
Q

What is a spinal segment?

A
  • part of a spinal cord that give rise to rootlets that form 1 pair of spinal nerve
  • there are 31 spinal nerve pairs -> 31 spinal segments
26
Q

Is spinal segment the same as vertebral segment?

A

NO

27
Q

Ascending spinal pathway

A

sensory
- from skin receptors to dorsal horn
- first sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion
- second sensory neuron in dorsal horn synapse

28
Q

Descending pathways

A

somatic motor
- from motor neuron in ventral horn to skeletal muscle

29
Q

Autonomic pathway

A

visceral motor
- from pre-ganglionic neuron in lateral horn to post ganglionic neuron to smooth muscles/ glands

30
Q

What are dermatomes?

A
  • sensory
  • area of skin supply by nerves derived from a single spinal nerve root
31
Q

What are myotomes?

A
  • motor
  • muscles supplied by nerves derived from a single spinal nerve root
32
Q

Spinal reflex

A
  • automatic rapid response to a stimulus
  • involuntary
  • occurs through reflex arc
33
Q

types of reflexes

A
  1. somatic : involuntary control over skeletal muscle system
  2. visceral: involuntary control of glands and smooth and cardiac muscle
34
Q
A

FOUNDATIONAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (6 decks)

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