Anatomy Flashcards
Mediastinum & Pericardium, cardiovascular anatomy (116 cards)
1
Q
________ mediastinum is above the ________
A
superior, sternal angle
2
Q
What layer is the outermost layer pericardium?
A
Fibrous layer
3
Q
What layer is the inner layer of the pericardium?
A
Serous pericardium
4
Q
What are the 2 layers of serous pericardium?
A
Parietal layer, visceral layer
5
Q
Which organ is close to the oblique sinus of pericardium
A
oesophagus
6
Q
What is cardiac tamponade?
A
When excess fluid builds up in the space ard the heart
7
Q
What is the attachment point of pericardium and diaphram?
A
Pericardiophrenic ligament
8
Q
What is the nerve which is a branch of vagus nerve, loops under arch of aorta?
A
recurrent laryngeal nerve
8
Q
which nerve forms the oesophageal plexus
A
right vagus nerve
9
Q
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?
A
Sternocostal surface, Pulmonary surface (L), diaphragmatic surface,
10
Q
What are the 4 borders of the heart?
A
Right border, left border, inferior border, superior border
11
Q
Right border is mostly formed by _________
A
right atrium
12
Q
inferior border is mostly formed by _________
A
right ventricle and partly left ventricle
13
Q
Left border is mostly formed by _________
A
left ventricle and partly left atrium
14
Q
superior border is mostly formed by _________
A
root of great vessels (SVC, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk)
15
Q
What supplies blood to the heart?
A
right and left coronary artery
16
Q
What does the left anterior descending coronary artery supply to?
A
17
Q
What does the right coronary artery supply to?
A
18
Q
What are the veins in the heart
A
19
Q
What is this part called?
A
Fossa Ovalis
20
Q
What are these muscles called?
A
Pectinate muscle
21
Q
What is the name of the ridge between the smooth and rough part of the pectinate muscle?
A
Crista Terminalis
22
Q
What structure is between Thoracic aorta and azygos vein?
A
Thoracic duct
23
Q
Which nerve innervates the diaphram
A
Phrenic nerve
24
Vagus nerve is ________ to the root of the lung
posterior
25
The artery that supplies the _________ determines the coronary dominance
Posterior descending artery
26
What is right dominant
Posterior descending artery arises from right coronary
27
What is left dominant
Posterior descending artery arises from left circumflex via left coronary
28
Where is AV node located
above the opening of the coronary sinus
29
How many valves are there in the right ventricle
3
30
By how many times is the left intraventricular pressure more than the right intraventricular pressure
6 times
31
By how many times is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right ventricular wall
3 times
32
Esophagus crosses the diaphram at T__ level
10
33
Thoracic aorta crosses the diaphram at T__ level
12
34
What does the middle mediastinum contain?
Pericardium, heart, root of great vessels
35
Which parts of the mediastinum are occupied by the thymus
Superior mediastinum & upper part of the anterior mediastinum
36
Describe fibrous pericardium
tough and inelastic
37
Describe the pericardium
38
Which layers of the pericardium are innervated with phrenic nerves
fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
39
What is the sinus behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk but in front of the SVC
Transverse sinus
40
What sinus is between SVC, IVC, left and right pulmonary vein
Oblique pericardial sinus
41
Esophagus continues from the pharynx at C__ vertebra
C6
41
What is the position of the esophagus compared to the trachea and aorta at the level of the sternal angle?
It is crossed by the aortic arch on the left, arch of azygos vein on the right & the left bronchus in front
42
What are the 4 parts of the aorta?
Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta, abdominal aorta
43
The branches of descending aorta are ...
Posterior IC artery, esophageal, bronchial, pericardial, subcostal and mediastinal
44
Where does the thoracic duct originate from?
cisterna chyli
45
Where does the thoracic duct lie in the posterior mediastinum?
between descending aorta and azygos vein
46
At the level of _____ vertebrae, the thoracic duct crosses to the left and posterior to the esophagus and ascends into the superior mediastinum
T4/T5
47
Which lymph duct drains the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and right side of the thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
48
This is the auscultation position for ________
Aortic valve
49
This is the auscultation position for ________
pulmonary valve
50
This is the auscultation position for ________
Tricuspid valve
51
This is the auscultation position for ________
Mitral valve
52
Name the 4 walls of the heart
Septal, anterior, lateral and inferior
53
What is the blood vessel attached to the right atrium
SVC
54
What is the base of the heart mainly formed by?
Mostly left atrium and partly right atrium
55
What are the ECG leads for anterior wall
V3-V4
56
What are the ECG leads for septal wall
V1-V2
57
What are the ECG leads for Inferior wall
LII, LIII, aVF
58
What are the ECG leads for lateral wall
V5, V6, LI, aVL
59
What cells are part of the lymph
lymphocytes and granulocytes
60
Unlike blood vessels, lymphatic vessels only carry fluid ____ the tissue
away from
61
3 primary functions of lymphatic system
1. Balance the volume of interstitial fluid
2. Immune surveillance
3. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and fatty substances
62
What type of lymph nodes are these?
Axillary lymph nodes
63
What is the mechanism of lymph flow
64
What happens to the lymphatic capillaries when intersitial fluid pressure increases?
Endothelium cells open up
65
Describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries
Tiny, thin walled that originate within the extracellular space of various tissues
66
Why does lymphatic capillaries have greater permeability than blood capillaries?
1. Endothelial cell cytoplasm is very thin
2. Lack of basement membrane
3. no pericytes (smooth muscle)
67
In which tissues are lymph capillaries absent?
68
What are the differences between lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic vessels?
69
Where does the thoracic duct terminate?
At the junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein in the neck
70
What causes lymphedema?
71
What heart sound is produced when the AV valves close at the start of ventricular systole?
Lubb
72
What heart sound is produced when the semilunar valve closes at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Dupp
73
Where is SA node located
upper end of the crista terminalis
74
What is atrial septal defect
Incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
75
What are the internal features of right ventricle
76
What condition causes valve to get narrow due to inflammation?
Stenosis
77
What is the blood supply of the heart?
Arterial and venous drainage
78
Where does the left anterior descending artery supply blood to in the heart
RV, LV, 2/3 interventricular septum, AV bundle
79
Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to in the heart
RV, RA, SA and AV node. Marginal - RV
80
Where does the posterior descending artery (PDA) supply blood to in the heart
1/3 interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles
81
Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?
GREAT CARDIAC VEIN, middle and small cardiac vein, posterolateral cardiac vein
82
Which vein directly drains into the right atrium?
Anterior cardiac vein
83
What are the branches of arch of aorta
84
What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?
85
What is cranial nerve 10
vagus nerve
86
Is left or right recurrent laryngeal nerve in the superior mediastinum?
Left. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve in above the 1st rib
87
What is the remnant of ductus arteriosus?
Ligament arteriosum
88
Which node is a cardiac pacemaker?
SA node
89
Label these parts
90
The posterior wall of the heart is supplied by ...
right coronary artery
91
The inferior wall of the heart is supplied by ...
right coronary artery
92
The septal wall of the heart is supplied by ...
Left anterior descending artery
93
The lateral wall of the heart is supplied by ...
circumflex artery
94
By week three of development, ______derm in the region of what will become the cardiogenic field begins differentiating into a heart tube and pericardial cavity.
mesoderm
95
Blood islands appear near the cranial region of the embryo and unite to form an ______
endocardial tube
96
What is the process of forming new blood cells and vessels?
Vasculogenesis
97
What are the primitive parts of the heart tube
98
What are the major embryonic veins?
Cardinal, umbilical, vitelline
99
What causes purkinje fibers to conduct fast?
Gap junctions
100
parasympathetic nervous system (Vagus nerve) innervates ...
SA node and AV node
101
Sympathetic nervous system innervates...
the whole heart including the nodes
102
What are the 3 layers of the artery?
103
Describe what is present in Tunica intima?
Endothelium, Connective tissue
104
Describe what is present in Tunica media?
Smooth muscle, Elastic collagen fibers
105
Describe what is present in tunica adventitia?
Connective tissue (mainly collagen fibers, with blood vessels, nerves and fat cells
106
Describe the endothelium
107
Which embryonic layer is the endothelium derived from?
Mesoderm
108
Which embryonic layer is the epithelial tissue derived from?
endoderm
109
What is this?
110
Describe the histological features of epicardium
- Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
- Thin layer of connective tissue which contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, nerve cells and adipose tissues
111
Describe the myocardium
112
Describe the endocardium
113
Describe the characteristics of purkinje fibers
114
How can the autonomic nervous system control heart rate?
Sympathetic: NE
Parasympathetic: ACh
