Anatomy

Question 1

what kind of joint is the elbow?

Answer 1

hinge synovial joint

Question 2

what are the 3 joints that share the synovial cavity in the elbow?

Answer 2

-humeroulnar
-humeroradial
-proximal radio ulnar

Question 3

what movements does the elbow joint allow?

Answer 3

-flexion/extension
-movement of hand through supination and pronation of the forearm

Question 4

where does the elbow mainly get its stability from?

Answer 4

bony articulations of the trochlea (humerus) and olecranon (ulna)

Question 5

what does the humerus articulate with more laterally?

Answer 5

radius and is rounded at the capitulum

Question 6

what does the radius articulate with more medially?

Answer 6

ulna at the trochlea

Question 7

what are the medial and lateral epicondyles?

Answer 7

proximal to the capitulum and trochlea; sites of muscle attachment

Question 8

which bone sits more medially?

Answer 8

the ulna

Question 9

which bone sits more laterally?

Answer 9

radius

Question 10

which bone is longer?

Answer 10

ulna

Question 11

what is on the proximal end of the ulna?

Answer 11

-trochlea notch
-2 processes
-olecranon (largest one and is posterior and is the elbow prominence)
coronoid process (anterior)

Question 12

what is at the distal end of the ulna?

Answer 12

head - anterior - articulates with radius
styloid process - post/med - wrist alignment

Question 13

where does the radius sit?

Answer 13

on the side with the thumb

Question 14

what is at the proximal end of the radius?

Answer 14

head - articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
radial tuberosity medially - biceps attaches

Question 15

what is at the distal end of the radius?

Answer 15

-it is broader
-articulates with ulna and prox carpal bones
-styloid process laterally, wrist ligaments attach
-ulnar notch medially

Question 16

what makes up the humeroulnar joint?

Answer 16

trochlea of humerus
trochlea notch of ulna

Question 17

what are some characteristics of the humeroulnar joint?

Answer 17

-reinforced by ulnar collateral ligament
-flexion/extension
-ulnar processes limit range of motion
-no pronation/supination

Question 18

what makes up the humeroradial joint?

Answer 18

capitulum humerus
radius head

Question 19

what characterises the humeroradial joint?

Answer 19

-lateral
-reinforced radial collateral ligament
-supination/pronation

Question 20

what are the biceps brachii?

Answer 20

2 heads attaching to scapula

Question 21

what is the long head of the biceps brachii?

Answer 21

tubercle superiorly to glenoid cavity (runs up to humerus head and emerges through inter tub grove)

Question 22

what is the short head of the biceps brachii?

Answer 22

coracoid process of the scapula

Question 23

where do both heads of biceps brachii insert into?

Answer 23

converge to form a single tendon which inserts into the radial tuberosity
-gives off bicipital aponeurosis (a flat sheet of CT) attaches biceps indirectly to post border ulna

Question 24

what are the actions of the biceps brachii?

Answer 24

-poweful flexor at shoulder and elbow
-supinator at radio ulnar joints when elbow is fixed
-short head: flexes shoulder
-long head : holds humerus against glenoid cavity, especially if arm abducted

Question 25

what is the innovation of the biceps brachii?

Answer 25

musculotaneous nerve

Question 26

where is the coracobrachialis?

Answer 26

attachments - coracoid process of scapula insertions - medial humerus action - flexes shoulder and is a weak adductor

Question 26

what are the 2 smaller flexors of the arm?

Answer 26

-coracobrachialis -brachialis

Question 27

where is the brachialis?

Answer 27

attachments : deep; anterior distal humerus insertions - coronoid process ulna actions - flexes elbow

Question 28

what is the innovation of the coracobrachialis and the brachialis?

Answer 28

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 29

what are the attachments of the triceps heads?

Answer 29

long head - infraglenoid tubercle of scapula lateral head - sup posterior humerus medial head - post humerus distal to groove for radial nerve (long and lateral fuse & join on deep surface by medial. form common tendon of ulna and deep fascia)

Question 30

what are the actions of the triceps?

Answer 30

main extensor of the elbow -long head also acts on shoulder to steady humerus

Question 31

what is the innervation of the triceps?

Answer 31

radial nerve

Question 32

what are the attachments of the anconeus?

Answer 32

-lateral epicondyl of humerus -posterior olecranon of ulna

Question 33

what does the anconeus aid?

Answer 33

extends elbow & role in pronation

Question 34

what is the innervation of the anconeus?

Answer 34

radial nerve

Question 35

where does pronation/supination occur?

Answer 35

around axis from radius head to ulna styloid process -radius rotates, proximal ulna stays in place

Question 36

which is more powerful, pronation or supination?

Answer 36

supination

Question 37

what is the actual range of movement for pronation/supination?

Answer 37

140-150 degrees apparent range - elbow extended nearly 360 degrees -rotation of humerus -pectoral girdle movements

Question 38

what is supination?

Answer 38

-palm turned anteriorly -movement reversed -radius lateral to and parallel with ulna

Question 39

what is pronation?

Answer 39

-palm turned posteriorly -proximal radius lateral to ulna -distal radius medial to ulna

Question 40

what kind of joint is the superior radio ulnar joint?

Answer 40

pivot joint -head of radius -osseofibrous ring = radial notch of ulna and annular ligament

Question 41

what is the radial annular ligament?

Answer 41

strong fibres, encircles the head of the radius

Question 42

what kind of joint is the inferior radio ulnar joint?

Answer 42

pivot synovial joint -head of ulna -ulnar notch of radius

Question 43

what holds together the inferior radio ulnar joint?

Answer 43

-articular disc -interosseous membrane

Question 44

what is the interosseous membrane?

Answer 44

broad thin fibrous tissue that separates bones

Question 45

what happens in the interosseous membrane during pronation and supination?

Answer 45

fibres change from relaxed to tense in the neutral position -relax again as forearm supinates

Question 46

what is the radio-ulnar syndemosis?

Answer 46

fibrous joint between R & U site of attachment for muscles of forearm

Question 47

who is prone to dislocation of the head of the radius?

Answer 47

pre school children if jerked by UL while forearm is pronated -tears distal attachment of annular ligament -radial head moves distally out

Question 48

what is the treatment for a dislocation of the radial head?

Answer 48

manipulate forearm into supination whilst elbow is flexed- radial head back in place

Question 49

which muscles are involved in supination?

Answer 49

-biceps brachii (attachment to radial tuberosity) -supinator deep - supinator crest of ulna superficial - lateral epicondylitis of humerus insertion - lateral proximal radius

Question 50

what is the pronator teres?

Answer 50

superficial: med epicondyle humerus deep : medial of coronoid process ulna median : nerve passes between 2 heads -insertion crosses the forearm and attaches to the middle shaft of the radius

Question 51

which muscles cause pronation?

Answer 51

pronator teres pronator quadratus

Question 52

what is the pronator quadratus?

Answer 52

deep muscle across distal 1/4 of R & U origin : distal shaft of ulna Insertion : distal shaft of radius

Question 53

what is the triangular depression of the cubital fossa bound by?

Answer 53

brachioradialis laterally pronator teres medially

Question 54

what is the cubital fossa?

Answer 54

transition between arm and forearm -concavity under crease, anterior to elbow joint

Question 55

what is tennis elbow?

Answer 55

lateral epicondylitis degenerative tendonitis of the extensor origin

Question 56

what is the difference between tennis elbow and golfers elbow?

Answer 56

Tennis elbow: overuse or overload of the common extensor tendon at the lateral epicondyle Golfers elbow: overuse or overload of the medial common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle

Question 57

Describe the cellular and molecular composition of a tendon and explain why tendons are slow to repair after injury?

Answer 57

Cellular component: Fibroblasts/tenocytes Molecular component: water, collagen 1, ground substance, elastin Poorly vascularised therefore healing rate much slower

Question 58

what action does the pectorals major have on the Glenn-humeral joint?

Answer 58

flexion, adduction and medial rotation

Question 59

what muscles contribute to the anterior border of the axilla?

Answer 59

pectoralis muscles

Question 60

which vessel do the cords of the brachial plexus surround?

Answer 60

axillary artery

Question 61

what are the terminal branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

Answer 61

radial and axillary nerve

Question 62

from which part of the brachial plexus does the nerve supply to the lat dorsi arise?

Answer 62

posterior cord (thoracodorsal nerve)

Question 63

which muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve normally pierce?

Answer 63

coracobrachialis

Question 64

what is the scapular attachment of the pectoral minor?

Answer 64

coracoid process

Question 65

which nerve supplies the Serratus anterior?

Answer 65

long thoracic nerve?

Question 66

why would the long thoracic nerve be rarely affected by a brachial plexus lesion?

Answer 66

arises very proximal; therefore, it is quite unlikely that it will be affected by lesions of the plexus

Question 67

damage to which nerve would case the claw hand deformity?

Answer 67

ulnar nerve

Question 68

what nerve would a medial epicondyle fracture risk damage to?

Answer 68

ulnar nerve

Question 69

which nerve would cause wrist drop?

Answer 69

radial nerve