Anatomy 1.5

Question 1

what foramen does the ophthalmic artery & optic nerve go through?

Answer 1

optic canal

Question 2

what foramen does the superior & inferior ophthalmic vein, and CN III, IV, frontal & nasociliary of V1 & VI go through?

Answer 2

superior orbital fissure

Question 3

what foramen does the inferior ophthalmic veins, infraorbital artery & vein and zygomatic n & infraorbital br of maxillary n V2, and orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion go through?

Answer 3

inferior orbital fissure

in sphenoid & maxilla bones

Question 4

what foramen does the maxillary nerve CN V2 go through?

Answer 4

foramen rotundum

Question 5

what foramen does the accessory meningeal artery & mandibular nerve (CN V3) go through?

Answer 5

foramen ovale

Question 6

what foramen do the posterior meningeal a, ascending pharyngeal a, inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein, and CNs IX, X, XI go through?

Answer 6

jugular foramen

Question 7

Muscles posterior to the kidneys

Answer 7

quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, psoas major, transversus abdominis

Question 8

Organs in relation to right kidney:
anterior?
superior?

Answer 8

• hepatic flexure of colon

- liver, adrenal gland

Question 9

Organs in relation to left kidney:
anterior?
superior?

Answer 9

• stomach, pancreatic tail

- spleen, adrenal gland

Question 10

Organs in direct contact with right kidney?

Answer 10

• R suprarenal gland, duodenum, colon

Question 11

Organs in direct contact with left kidney?

Answer 11

• L suprarenal gland, pancreas, colon

Question 12

4 structures of the renal sinus

Answer 12

renal artery bracnhes
renal vein tributaries
major & minor calyces
fat

Question 13

A->P renal hilum structures

Answer 13

Vein
Artery
Ureter

Question 14

What is epidermis made of?

Answer 14

Stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina

Question 15

5 layers of epidermis from top to bottom?

Answer 15

1. stratum Corneum
2. stratum Lucidum
3. stratum Granulosum
4. stratum Spinosum (thickest)
5. stratum Germinativum
   come lets get some gin

Question 16

Flat, dead, scale-like cells filled with keratin, that continually sheds - which layer of epidermis?

Answer 16

stratum corneum (1st layer)

Question 17

Clear layer - present in thick skin only - which layer of epidermis?

Answer 17

stratum lucidum (2nd)

Question 18

cells form links with neighbours: which layer of epidermis?

Answer 18

stratum granulosum (3rd)

Question 19

Squamous cells begin keratin synthesis: which layer of epidermis?

Answer 19

stratum spinosum (4th layer & thickest)

Question 20

single basement membrane layer of Columnar epithelial cells containing melanocytes
- and gives rise to keratinocytes: which layer of epidermis?

Answer 20

Stratum Germinativum (5th)

Question 21

What happens in brown-sequard syndrome? i.e. hemisection of spinal cord

Answer 21

IL loss of proprioception & UMN signs

CL loss pain & temp

Question 22

5 ways the spinal cord can be injured? viint

Answer 22

1. Vascular - stroke (rare), aortic dissection complication
2. Infection - historically TB, epidural abscesses etc
3. Inflammatory - RA, OA (osteophyte compression) etc
4. Neoplasia - direct invasion (rare), path vert #
5. Trauma - direct/disc protrusion

Question 23

Where does the spinal cord start & end?

What anchors the cord?

Answer 23

medulla oblongata -> tapers at level of L1/2 interspace in adult
Filum terminale anchors cord to the 1st coccygeal vertebra

Question 24

What incompletely divides the spinal cord into 2 symmetrical halves?

Answer 24

Dorsal median sulcus & Ventral median fissure

Question 25

Grey matter surrounds the central canal of the SC and is continuous rostrally with the CNS ventricular system What is it subdivided cytoarchitecturally into?

Answer 25

Rexeds laminae

Question 26

Afferent fibres entering through the dorsal roots of the spinal cord usually terminate near their point of entry. But they may travel for varying distances in what tract?

Answer 26

Lissauers tract = posterolateral tract | - in this way may establish synaptic connections over several levels

Question 27

What is at the tip of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord? | What does the ventral horn contain?

Answer 27

- Afferents at tip of dorsal horn ass with nociceptive stimuli - Ventral horn contains neurones that innervate skeletal muscle

Question 28

Sciatic nerve splits into which nerves? | Where does injury often occur?

Answer 28

tibial & common peroneal | neck of the fibula

Question 29

Features of a common peroneal nerve lesion?

Answer 29

- weakness of foot dorsiflexion - foot drop - weakness of foot eversion - weakness of extensor hallucis longus - sensory loss over dorsum of foot & lower lateral part of leg - wasting of anterior tibial & peroneal muscles