Anatomy

Question 1

why does the calcaneus stick out?

Answer 1

increase the length of the foot which allows us to take bigger strides

Question 2

what are the 7 tarsals of the foot?

Answer 2

proximal
-calcaneus (heel bone)
-talus
intermediate
-navicular
distal
-cuboid
-3x cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate, medial)

Question 3

how many metatarsals do we have?

Answer 3

5

Question 4

how many phalanges do we have?

Answer 4

14

Question 5

what is the true ankle joint?

Answer 5

talocrucal joint
-fibula, tibia and talus
-dorsi & plantarflexion

Question 6

what is the subtler joint?

Answer 6

talocalcaneal joint
-talus, calcaneus
-eversion and inversion

Question 7

what are the main ligaments of the foot?

Answer 7

medial (deltoid) ligament
4 named parts
lateral ligament (separate)
3 named parts

Question 8

what is an ankle sprain?

Answer 8

when a ligament is sprained to an extreme extent

Question 9

what is a muscle strain?

Answer 9

affects muscle or where muscle attaches to tendon

Question 10

what is the retinacula?

Answer 10

stop the stringing of tendons

Question 11

what are the 3 muscular compartments?

Answer 11

3 groups of retinacula
flexor
extensor - sup and inf
fibular - sup and inf

Question 12

what is in the posterior part of the leg?

Answer 12

superficial ankle flexors

Question 13

how many muscles are in the superficial posterior flexor compartment of the leg?

Answer 13

3, 2 powerful flexors
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
all insert in the calcaneus tuberosity
all have flexion at the true ankle joint
inversion at the subtalar joint

Question 14

gastrocnemius muscle?

Answer 14

origin: femur epicondyles
most superficial
flexor at the ankle and knee
medial and lateral heads

Question 15

soleus muscle?

Answer 15

origin - fibular head- tendinous arch - solar line (plantaris)
big muscle
attaches along solear line
does not cross knee and ankle

Question 16

plantaris muscle?

Answer 16

small
small muscle belly and long tendon
sometimes harvested for tendon grafting
crosses both knee and ankle joint

Question 17

what are the deep ankle flexors?

Answer 17

tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
flexion at the true ankle joint
inversion at the subtalar joint

Question 18

tibialis posterior muscle?

Answer 18

lateral
attaches to posterior of tibia
travels medially
attaches to medial tarsus

Question 19

what is the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 19

Tom dick and very naughty harry
(anterior to posterior)
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
tibial nerve
flexor ha;;ucis longus

Question 20

what causes tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 20

compression of the tibial nerve

Question 21

what are the medial anterior ankle extensor muscles of the leg?

Answer 21

tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus

Question 22

tibialis anterior muscle?

Answer 22

attaches onto medial metatarsal superiorly
inversion at the subtalar joint

Question 23

extensor hallicus longus?

Answer 23

inversion at the subtalar joint

Question 24

extensor digitorum longus muscle?

Answer 24

goes to lateral digits
greater line of pull for eversion

Question 25

what are the lateral (fibular) group of muscle?

Answer 25

fibulas longus fibulas brevis eversion at the subtalar joint plantar flexion at the true ankle joint

Question 26

fibulas longus muscle?

Answer 26

most superficial tendon crosses over and attaches medially

Question 27

what are the 3 arches of the foot?

Answer 27

medial longitudinal arch lateral longitudinal arch transverse arch

Question 28

medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 28

made up of medial cuneiform and intermediate 5th metatarsal and calcaneusplantar aponeurosis important dynamic support comes from muscles and tendons

Question 29

lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 29

cuboid and lateral cuneiform plantar aponeurosis important dynamic support comes from muscles and tendons

Question 30

transverse arch?

Answer 30

tendon of tibialis posterior attaches inferiorly fibulas longus on lateral side

Question 31

what gives the dynamic support to the foot arch?

Answer 31

tibialis posterior tibialis anterior flexor hallicus longus fibulas longus intrinsic plantar muscles

Question 32

what gives the passive support to the foot arch?

Answer 32

plantar aponeurosis

Question 33

what is the spring ligament

Answer 33

plantar calcineal ligament pivotal in maintaining medial arch damage can cause flat footedness

Question 34

what are the 2 main superficial veins?

Answer 34

lesser saphenous vein greater saphenous vein

Question 35

where does lesser saphenous vein drain to?

Answer 35

drains into the popliteal vein

Question 36

where does greater saphenous vein drainage to?

Answer 36

drains into the femoral vein

Question 37

what does the popliteal artery change to?

Answer 37

splits into posterior tibial artery anterior tibial

Question 38

what does the anterior tibial change into as it reaches the foot?

Answer 38

dorsalis pedis - superficial

Question 39

what does the posterior tibial artery split into?

Answer 39

plantar medial (bigger) and lateral

Question 40

what are the anastomoses around the knee?

Answer 40

5 branches come off

Question 41

where is the great saphenous vein?

Answer 41

medial starts in foot travels all the way up

Question 42

what is the artery in the foot that rounds along the tarsals?

Answer 42

accurate artery

Question 43

where is the small saphenous vein?

Answer 43

posterior and laterally only travels to popliteal

Question 44

what are the 3 main nerves for there free portion of the limb?

Answer 44

-femoral (anterior and thigh) -sciatic (back of the thigh +leg+foot) -obturator (medial group at the thigh, i.e adductors)

Question 45

what supplies the nerve supply for the lower limb?

Answer 45

lumbar and sacral plexus

Question 46

what does the common fibular nerve split into?

Answer 46

deep fibular superficial fibular

Question 47

what does the femoral nerve innervate?

Answer 47

anterior compartment extensors of knee rectus femoris

Question 48

what does the tibial nerve split into?

Answer 48

medial plantar lateral plantar

Question 49

what does the obturator nerve innervate?

Answer 49

adductors of the thigh, medial compartment of leg

Question 50

what does the sciatic nerve innervate?

Answer 50

posterior compartment +leg +foot

Question 51

what is the nerve supply of the leg?

Answer 51

tibial nerve posterior compartment of the leg superficial fibular nerve - lateral compartment of the leg deep fibular nerve - anterior compartment of the leg

Question 52

what is the nerve supply of the leg?

Answer 52

tibial portion- hamstring muscles fibular portion - short head of biceps