Anatomy

Question 1

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 1

• 2 hemispheres
• largest but youngest part
• performs higher functions

Question 2

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 2

• under the cerebrum
• controls muscle movements
• controls posture and balance

Question 3

What is the difference between higher mammalian and rodent brain structures?

Answer 3

Higher mammals have gyrencephalic structures whereas rodents have lissencephalic structures

Question 4

What is the brain stem?

Answer 4

• oldest part
• connects to the spinal chord
• controls autonomic functions

Question 5

Name the 4 main lobes

Answer 5

• frontal lobe
• parietal lobe
• occipital lobe
• temporal lobe

Question 6

What areas are in charge of speech and language processing?

Answer 6

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Question 7

What is an aphasia?

Answer 7

Disturbance of language where speech production, comprehension, reading or writing is affected

Question 8

Describe Broca’s aphasia

Answer 8

Speech production and writing is impaired but can still read and understand language. People have issues moving their tongue.

Question 9

Describe Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 9

Can speak but it is very wordy and has neologisms, difficulty understanding speech too.

Question 10

Name three deep brain structures

Answer 10

• Basal ganglia
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus

Question 11

What does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 11

Controls motor co-ordination and skilled movement

Question 12

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 12

Acts as a relay station for signals to/from the cortex, controls pain, attention and alertness.

Question 13

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 13

Controls autonomic functions (circadian rhythms) and hormonal secretion from the pituitary gland.

Question 14

What is the limbic system linked to?

Answer 14

Memory

Question 15

What three main parts is the limbic system made up of?

Answer 15

• cingulate gyrus
• hypothalamus
• amygdala

Question 16

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 16

• hyper-sexuality
• hyperphagia/pica
• reduced fear and aggression

Question 17

What is the ventricular system filled with?

Answer 17

CSF

Question 18

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 18

Choroid plexus

Question 19

Describe how CSF flows

Answer 19

Unidirectional flow until the 4th ventricle, then it becomes multidirectional

Question 20

How much CSF is produced per hour and per day?

Answer 20

20mL/hour
500mL/day

Question 21

What are the three types of memory and where are they stored?

Answer 21

• STM (frontal cortex)
• LTM (hippocampus and temporal lobe)
• Skill memory (cerebellum)

Question 22

How many cranial nerves emerge from the brain stem?

Answer 22

10/12

Question 23

How is blood supplied to the head and neck?

Answer 23

Through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 24

What specifically does the internal carotid feed?

Answer 24

The Circle of Willis

Question 25

What specifically do the vertebral arteries do?

Answer 25

Venous outflow out the sigmoid sinus and then the internal jugular vein

Question 26

Describe the blood brain barrier and it's role

Answer 26

It is the immunoprivilege of the brain to shield it from the periphery, only small hydrophobic molecules can pass. There is none in areas secreting hormones.

Question 27

What are all the vertebrae of the spine?

Answer 27

7x cervical vertebrae 12x thoracic vertebrae 5x lumbar vertebrae 5x sacral vertebrae

Question 28

What does grey matter contain?

Answer 28

- neurons - dendrites - neuroganglia

Question 29

What does white matter contain?

Answer 29

Myelinated axons

Question 30

What does the central canal contain?

Answer 30

CSF

Question 31

What is the direction of afferent and efferent?

Answer 31

efferent = away afferent = towards

Question 32

What do spinal nerves control?

Answer 32

Voluntary and sensory control as well as autonomic functions

Question 33

How many spinal nerves do we have?

Answer 33

62

Question 34

Name all the spinal nerves

Answer 34

8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Question 35

How are spinal nerves organised?

Answer 35

In axon bundles (fascicles) protected by three layers of connective tissue: epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium

Question 36

What does the Artery of Adamkiewicz do?

Answer 36

Supplies blood to the lower 2/3 of the spinal chord

Question 37

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 37

Chemical synapse at the end of a motor neuron

Question 38

What neurotransmitter does the neuromuscular junction use?

Answer 38

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 39

What are the two muscle filaments?

Answer 39

actin = thin filamaent myosin = thick filament

Question 40

When can contraction cycles continue?

Answer 40

As long as there is ATP and Ca2+