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stupid brain CA > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

tldr components of brain

A

1) forebrain
2) midbrain
3) hind brain
4) brain stem

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2
Q

components of forebrain

A

1) cerebrum
2) diencephalon

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3
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part
  • 2 cerebral hemisphere
    ** separated by longitudinal fissure
    ** covered by cerebral cortex (Grey matter)
    ** gryus: top fold (N shape)
    ** sulcus (fissure): bottom fold (U shape)
  • divided into 4 main lobes
    1) frontal lobe: anterior to central sulcus, superior to lateral fissure
    2) parietal lobe: posterior to central sulcus, superior to lateral fissure
    3) temporal lobe: inferior to lateral fissures, regulate memories, compute time & distance & convos & memory
    4) occipital lobe: posterior to parietal & temporal lobes, separated by parieto-occipital sulcus
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4
Q

diencephalon

A

hypothalamus

  • lower part of lateral wall and floor of third ventricles
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5
Q

midbrain

A
  • connect forebrain to hindbrain
  • cranial nerves: III, IV
  • nuclei associated with: III, IV, V, visual & auditory pathway
  • fibre tract: ascending & descending pathway
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6
Q

hindbrain

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
    ** inferior to midbrain, superior to medulla oblongata
    ** cranial nerves: V, VI, VII, VIII
    ** nuclei associated with: V, VI, VII, VIII
    ** fibre tracts: ascending & descending fibres
  • cerebellum
    ** located posterior to pons and medulla oblongata
    ** midline portion (Vermis) And 2 hemisphere
    ** connected to brain stem
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7
Q

brain stem

A
  • midbrain, pons
  • medulla oblongata
    ** most inferior portion of brain
    ** cranial nerves: IX, X, XI, XII
    ** nuclei associated with: V, IX, X, XI, XII, cardiovascular and respiratory function
    ** fibre tracts: Ascending and descending tracts
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8
Q

neuronal general

A
  • structural and functional unit of nervous system
  • generate/conduct impulses
  • excitable
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9
Q

tldr structure of neurons

A

1) cell body - soma
2) axon
3) dendrite
4) synapse

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10
Q

cell body - soma

A
  • nucleus, various cytoplasmic organelles, cytoskeletal elements, inclusions
  • golgi apparatus (near nucleus) , mitochondria throughout cytoplasm
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11
Q

axons

A
  • nerve fibres that conduct impulses away from cell body
  • long slender processes that arise from axon hillock in cell body
  • branch at distal (terminal end)
  • cytoplasm lack ribosome, RER, golgi apparatus
  • transport components
    ** fast: cytoplasmic protein & macromolecules required for metabolic and synaptic activity
    ** slow: cytoskeletal component down axon
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12
Q

dendrite

A
  • conduct impulses towards cell body
  • short and highly branched
  • cytoplasmic component except golgi apparatus
  • covered w dendritic synpases
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13
Q

general non-neuronal cells (glial cells)

A
  • non conducting
  • support and protect neurons
  • 10x number of neurons
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14
Q

tldr types of non-neuronal cells (Glial cells)

A

1) oligodendrocytes
2) astrocytes
3) microglia

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

1) white matter: myelin sheath formation
2) gray matter: function as satellite cells
3) cell markers - CNPase
4) express Nogo-A: myeline associated neurite-outgrowth inhibitor, inhibit axonal regeneration following injury & ischemia in CNS
5) CNS vs PNS

  • CNS: oligodendrocytes myelinate portions of several axons
  • PNS: 1 Schwann cell myelinate portions of 1 axon
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16
Q

types of astrocytes

A

1) fibrous

  • in white matter
  • long, spindly processes with few branches

2) protoplasmic

  • in grey matter
  • thick, lightly branched processes
  • closely apposed to neuron cell bodies
17
Q

astrocytes function

A

1) end feet

  • regulate blood flow into brain
  • expand and contract blood vessels

2) regulate homeostasis of neurotransmitters (glutamate) at synapses
3) regulate composition of intracellular environment and entry of substances into it

  • express lot of K channel
  • astrocytes clear excess K accumulation
  • activate neurons -> release K -> increase local extracellular composition

4) metabolise neurotransmitter

  • glutamate glutamine shuttle
  • prevent activating neighbouring synapses

5) mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites between blood and neurons

  • contain glycogen, can carry out gluconeogenesis
  • astrocytic processes can wrap around this synapse -> glutamate transports/uptakers -> eliminate excess glutamate from synaptic cleft

6) tripartite synapase

  • astrocyte processes wrap around synapse -> glutamate transports/uptakers -> eliminate excess glutamate from synaptic cleft
18
Q

microglia

A
  • brain macrophages, phagocytosis
  • secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines
  • antigen presentation function (MHCII)
  • CNS immunocompetent cells
  • small phagocytic cells that enlarge and become mobile after injury to CNS
  • originate from peripheral monocytic precursor cells
19
Q

spinal cord

A
  • located in vertebral column
  • protected by meninges
  • surrounded by CSF
  • continuous w brain at foramen magnum of skull
  • taper off into conus medullaris
20
Q

categories of nerves in PNS

A

1) Cranial (12 pairs): come out from brain
2) spinal (31 pairs): come out from spine

21
Q

composition of PNS

A

1) neuron processes and cell bodies outside CNS
2) neurological cells (Schwann cells, satellite cells)

22
Q

structure of PNS

A

1) bundles (Fascicles) of nerve fibres (axons) surrounded by myelin sheath
2) Schwann cells invested within 3 connective tissues

  • epineurium: connective tissue surrounding entire nerve
  • perineurium: layer of dense connective tissue around each fascicle of nerve fibre
  • endoneurium: thin, reticular layer that surround each individual nerve fibre, contain Schwann cells

3) myeline sheath

  • Schwann cells around myelinated axon

4) peripheral ganglion

  • encapsulated, outside CNS
  • contain satellite cells, connective tissue elements, neurons

5) satellite cells

  • amphicytes
  • form capsule of cells around neuron cell bodies
23
Q

carotid arterial system

A

through internal carotid artery

  • originate from common carotid artery in neck
  • enter skull through carotid canals
  • situated within cavernous sinus end by dividing into

1) anterior cerebral artery
** pass forward into medial longitudinal fissure
** sweep back to parieto-occipital sulcus
** supplies most of medial surface of hemisphere except medial aspect of occipital lobe

2) middle cerebral artery
** pass laterally between temporal and frontal lobes
** emerge at lateral fissure
** fans out to supply most of lateral surface of hemisphere (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

24
Q

vertebral artery

A

1) originate from subclavian artery in neck
2) enter skull through foramen magnum (hole at base of skull)
3) branch out -> supply spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

  • anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery

4) 2 vertebral arteries -> basilar arteries (midline)

  • basilar branch to supply pons, cerebellum, inner ear
    ** anterior inferior cerebellar artery
    ** pontine branches
    ** labryinthine artery
    ** superior cerebellar artery: supply midbrain, medial aspect of occipital lobe, base of temporal and occipital lobes
  • basilar divide into 2 posterior cerebral arteries
25
Q

circle of willis

A
  • arterial ring at base of brain
  • anastomosis (Connection) between left and right arteries supplying brain
    ** anterior communicating artery: anterior cerebral arteries of both sides
    ** posterior communicating artery: middle cerebral artery -> posterior cerebral artery
  • benefits
    ** collateral circulation: supply blood to both side in case of slow occlusion in the other, not effective if sudden occlusion
    ** communicating arteries have time to enlarge -> accommodate increase blood flow
26
Q

venous drainage

A

1) superficial cerebral veins & venous sinuses

  • brain -> venous sinuses -> internal jugular vein
  • superficial part of superior aspect -> superior sagittal sinus
  • inferior part of brain -> transverse sinus and superficial middle cerebral vein
  • superficial middle cerebral vein -> cavernous sinus

2) cavernous sinus

  • closely related to cranial nerves (III, IV, V, VI) and part of internal carotid artery

3) deep cerebral veins

  • centre of brain -> deep cerebral veins -> venous sinus (straight sinus)

4) internal jugular vein

  • superficial and deep part of brain -> venous sinuses -> internal jugular vein and heart
  • superior saggital and straight sinus -> transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> internal jugular vein of neck
27
Q

capillaries

A
  • tight junctions between endothelial cells -> blood brain barrier
28
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • protective cushion around brain and spinal cord
  • help remove metabolites from brain
  • produced by choroid plexus in cerebral ventricles
  • flow from lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle -. 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct -> bathe whole brain and spinal cord
  • absorbed into superior sagittal sinus by arachnoid granulations

stupid brain CA (5 decks)

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