Anatomy Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components
2
Q
Physiology
A
The study of the normal functions of the living organisms and their parts
3
Q
Pathophysiology
A
Study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
4
Q
Thoracic cage
A
Ribcage
5
Q
Joint
A
The place where two bones meet
6
Q
Ligament
A
The muscle tissue that connects bones to bones (supports/strengthen joints)
7
Q
Tendon
A
The muscle tissue that connects muscle to bone
8
Q
Cartilage
A
Cushion between bones
9
Q
Vertebrae
A
Bones in the spine (vertebral column)
10
Q
Cervical spine
A
First 7 (C1-C7) vertebrae in the neck
11
Q
Thoracic spine
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Next 12 (T1-T12) vertebrae
12
Q
Lumbar spine
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Next 5 (L1-L5) vertebrae
13
Q
Sacrum
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5 Sacral vertebrae that form the sacrum (S1-S5)
14
Q
Coccyx
A
Tailbone; last 4 vertebrae that form the coccyx
15
Q
Thorax
A
Chest
16
Q
Sternum
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Breast bone
17
Q
Pectoral girdle
A
Shoulder
18
Q
Scapula
A
Shoulder blade
19
Q
Clavicle
A
Collarbone
20
Q
Femur
A
Thighbone (longest bone in body, one of the strongest)
21
Q
Tibia
A
Shinbone; larger of the 2 bones in the lower leg
22
Q
Fibula
A
Smaller of the 2 bones in the lower leg on the lateral side
23
Q
Nasopharynx
A
Upper airway; upper section of the pharynx that connects with the nasal cavity
24
Q
Oropharynx
A
Upper airway; section of the pharynx at the back of the throat, from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
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Larynx
Upper airway; voicebox
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Laryngpharynx
Upper airway
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Epiglottis
Upper airway; valve that allows air to pass into trachea but prevents food/liquids from entering
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Trachea
Lower airway; windpipe, main trunk for passing air to and from lungs
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Thyroid cartilage
Lower airway; Adam's apple, forms the upper part of the larynx
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Alveoli
Lower airway; air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and CO2 take place
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Main bronchi
Lower airway; air passageway to lungs, from the trachea
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Bronchioles
Lower airway; smaller bronchi in the lungs
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Diaphragm
Contraction of this muscle brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
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Ventilation
Exchange of air between lungs and the environment; occurs spontaneously by patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT
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Respiration
Process of exchanging oxygen and CO2
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Adult male lung capacity
6000mL
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Adult woman lung capacity
4000mL
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Tidal volume
Amount of air (mL) that is moved in or out of lungs during one breath
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Average tidal volume in adults
500mL
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Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath (in addition to tidal volume)
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Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhilation
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Residual volume
Air that remains in the lungs after fully exhaling
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Average inspiratory reserve volume in adults
3000mL
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Average expiratory reserve volume in adults
1200mL
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Average residual volume in adults
1200mL
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Minute volume
Volume of air that moves in and out of lungs per minute (Minute volume=respiratory rate * tidal volume)
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Signs of inadequate breathing in adults
Muscle retractions, pale or cyanotic (blue) skin, cool and damp (clammy) skin, tripod position
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Heart
Pumps blood throughout the body
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Myocardium
The heart muscle
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Atrium
Upper chambers (2) in the heart
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Ventricle
Lower chambers (2) in the heart
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Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues to the heart
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Pulmonary veins
4 veins that return oxygenated from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
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Aorta
Main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
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Heart rate (HR)
Number of heart beats per specific time (usually 1 minute)
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Stroke volume (SV)
Volume of blood pumped forward with ventricular contraction (heart beat)
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Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood moved per minute (CO=HR * SV)
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Pulse
Wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle into the major arteries
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Carotid artery pulse
Upper neck
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Femoral artery pulse
Groin
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Radial artery pulse
Wrist (base of thumb)
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Brachial artery pulse
Medial aspect of arm, halfway between the elbow and shoulder
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Posterior tibial artery pulse
Posterior to tiny bump on inner ankle
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Dorsalis pedis artery pulse
Top of foot
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Hemoglobin
Protein in red-blood cells carrying oxygen
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Red blood cells
Cells that carry oxygen to body's tissues
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White blood cells
Cells that have a role in body's immune defense mechanism against infection
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Blood pressure (BP)
Pressure that blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them (systolic/diastolic)
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Systolic blood pressure
Pressure within the arteries when the heart is contracting
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Diastolic blood pressure
Pressure within the arteries when the heart is at rest
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Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures
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Preload
Amount of blood returning to the heart
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Afterload
Pressure to be overcome when left ventricle contracts (same as diastolic pressure)
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Perfusion
Flow of blood through body tissues/vessels
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Hypoperfusion (shock)
Inadequate perfusion (flow of blood through body tissues/vessels)
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Esophagus
Tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food/liquids through it to the stomach
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Liver
Removes toxins, processes food nutrients, and regulates body metabolism.
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Enzymes
Speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
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Kidneys
2 organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
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Ureter
Tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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Urethra
Canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
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Respiratory compromise
Inability of the body to move gas effectively, can result in hypoxia and/or hypercapia
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Hypoxia
Deficient oxygen concentration in the body
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Hypercapnia
Abnormally high CO2 level in the bloodstream
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Hypovolemic shock
Lack of blood volume; circulating blood volume is not enough to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to the body
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Cardiogenic shock
Associated with impaired heart function; compromised heart function prevents wastes and nutrients from moving around the body effectively
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Obstructive shock
Results from blocked blood flow back to or through the heart
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Anaphylactic shock
Results from severe allergic reactions
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Septic shock
Results from severe infection
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Neurogenic shock
Results from injury to the nervous system
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Atherosclerosis
Disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to a partial or complete blockage of blood flow
