Anatomy Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Wnt4 gene
A
Required to signal development toward ovary
2
Q
Gonads can be identified at how many weeks gestation?
A
5
3
Q
Somatic cells of the gonad are derived from what 2 cell types
A
Coelomic epithelium
Mesonephric cells
4
Q
Where do primordial germ cells originate
A
Within the primitive ectoderm in the genital ridge
5
Q
When does mitotic proliferation occur
A
4-6 weeks of gestation
Germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal ridge
Begin the indifferent gonad stage (7-10 days)
6
Q
Oogonial proliferation and oocyte formation requires what genes
A
Wnt4 and RSPO1
Activate beta catenin pathway-
Loss of cell-cell adhesion
Allow germ cells to enter meiosis 1
7
Q
Wolffian duct in female fetus
A
Regress and mullarian duct differentiates
8
Q
Genitalia tract is made up of what 3 layers
A
Serosal (outer)
Smooth muscle (middle)
Mucosal (inner)
9
Q
What is the superior portion of the vagina called
A
Fornix
10
Q
Outer Vaginal wall is made up of
A
Fibrous adventitia
11
Q
Vaginal smooth muscle layer is responsible for
A
Parturition
Movement of sperm during coitus
12
Q
Vaginal mucosal layer is made up of what
A
Non secretory squamous epithelium that release glycogen
13
Q
The cervix lacks which of the 3 types of cell layer
A
Myometrium
14
Q
Cervical mucoid secretions
Estrogen=
Progesterone =
A
Estrogen= thin (end of follicular phase)
Progesterone = thick (luteal phase/ mucous plug)
15
Q
Cervix is a stimulator of what durring late pregnancy
A
Oxytocin ( posterior pituitary) to initiate parturition
16
Q
Three layers of the uterus
A
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
17
Q
Perimetrium
A
Epithelial cells that cover outside of uterus
18
Q
Myometrium
A
Middle layer of uterus responsible for expulsion of fetus
Controlled by
estrogen = contractions/cramps
And progesterone= quiescent
19
Q
Endometrial tubular glands
A
Lamina propria
20
Q
Endometrium
A
Uterine lining composed of cellular stromal and connective tissue
21
Q
Durring follicular phase the endometrium
A
Proliferates (proliferative phase)
22
Q
Luteal phase, influenced by P, new blood vessels and endometrium thickens:
A
Secretory phase
23
Q
2 layers of the endometrium
A
1) stratum basalis: base layer by Myometrium- doesn’t shed
2) stratum functionalis: thickening/shedding layer of glandular epithelial cells
24
Q
Straight arteries in endometrium
A
Blood to basal layer
25
Spiral arteries
Coil as they enter functionalis close to surface of endometrium and form arteriol plexus
26
End of menses if pregnancy doesn’t occur E and P decrease and what happens
Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries causing shedding of the functionalis layer of the endometrium
27
Oviducts are responsible for what
Transporting oocyte and sperm to each other
28
Oviduct: Fimbrated infindibulum (fimbria) is responsible for:
Ovum pick up after ovulation
29
Oviduct: ampulla is what
Middle region where fertilization occurs
30
Oviduct: isthmus is what
Short segment that connects oviduct to uterus
31
Oviduct: mucosal layer made of what 2 columnar epithelial cell types?
Ciliated epithelium
Secretory epithelium
32
Oviduct: what causes ciliated epithelium to beat in a certain direction and influence the height of cells?
E and P
33
By directional movement of oviductal cilia - estrogen influence
Estrogens cause cilia of the oviduct isthmus and ampulla to beat towards …
Also cause cilia in the fimbria to beat towards the
The ovary
To transport sperm to oocyte
The uterus
To transport oocyte to sperm
34
What is the inner part of the ovary called
Medulla- houses blood vessles, lymphatic vessels, nerves
(Cortex is outside)
35
Three types of follicular cells
Thecal cells
Granulosa cells
Oocyte
36
Ovarian cortex house what 2 major structures of the ovary
CL
Follicle
37
Serous membrane enveloping the ovary
Germinal epithelium (cubiodal)
38
Thecal cells: what are the 2 cell populations
Theca interna (contain Thecal endocrine cells, steroid secreting cells)
Theca externa ( connective tissue non steroidogenic)
39
What follicular cell type produces androgens
Thecal cells
40
What are the 3 sub populations of granulosa cells
Mural
Antral
Cumulus
41
What does GC produce from Thecal androgens?
Estradiol via enzyme aromatase
42
CYP19A1
Aromatase
43
Steroidogenesis in GC is stimulated by
FSH
(FSHR only on GC surfaces)
44
⬆️ E2 ⬆️ Estradiol receptors on GC
With E2 what does FSH stimulate the formation of?
LH receptors, in prep for the LH surge
45
Steroidogenesis occurs where in the female
Follicle
Thecal and Granulosa cells
46
StAR
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein:
Acute regulation of steroidogenesis
47
Steroidogenic enzymes control sterodogenesis by:
Quantitatively: regulates how much gene expression via p450scc
Qualitatively: what type of steroid is produced using enzymes and cofactors
48
2 types of Steroidogenic enzymes:
1) cytochrome P450 enzyme
Type 1(in mitochondria), 2 (ER)
2) hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Aldo-Leto reductase, short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family
49
What is the precursor to sex steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
50
Cholesterol (27 carbon)conversion through estrogen (c18)
Cholesterol 27c ➡️ progestagens 21c ➡️ androgen 19c ➡️ estrogens 18c
51
The first and Rate limiting step: Cholesterol to pregnenalone occurs in the mitochondria via these two enzymatic steps:
CYP11A1: p450scc enzyme that turns cholesterol to dihydroxylcholesterol (adds OH and HO- hydroxylated at C20, 22)
Desmolase: enzyme cleaves dihydroxlcholesterol to pregnenalone at hydroxylated bond
52
Pregnenalone to progesterone enzyme
3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase-isomerase (3BHSD) - microsomal enzyme
53
Conversion of progesterone to androgen
Progesterone to androstenedione - CYP17A/C17-20lyase (hydroxylation @ C 17)
Androstenedione to testosterone- 17BHSD - removes 17 keto group
54
Estrone to estradiol
17BHSD
Also converts andostenedione to testosterone
55
Androstenedione to estrone
Testosterone to estradiol via what enzyme
Aromatase
56
3 types of estrogens
Estrone: most abundant, from androstenedione
Estradiol: most biologically active, from testosterone
Estriol: least active, formed from other estrogens
57
Aromatase converts what hormones
Androstenedione to estrone
Testosterone to estradiol
58
CL 3 non steroidal cell types
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
59
Sella turcica
Protective boney pocket at base of the skull where anterior/posterior pituitary are housed
60
Median eminence
Connects anterior and posterior pituitary to hypothalamus
61
Hypophysis is also known as
Pituitary
62
Neurohypophysis also known as
Posterior pituitary
63
Posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (adh)
Nano peptides that stimulate smoothe muscle
64
Adenohypophysis is also known as
Anterior pituitary
65
Tropic hormones
Ant pituitary protein hormones that modulate other endocrine glands in the body
66
Anterior pituitary hormones (3 family groups)
Glycoproteins
Somatotropin
Pro-opiomelanocortin
67
Anterior pituitary Glycoproteins include:
FSH (92, 111)- stim growth of follicles and estrogen secretion
LH (92, 121)- lutenizes the follicle, ovulation, progesterone secretion of CL
(TSH (92,118) )
68
Anterior pituitary Somatotropins include
Growth hormone (gh)
Prolactin (Prl)- milk production
69
hCG
Pregnancy hormone- produced by troph cells. Similar to LH and binds to LHR
70
Capillary plexus
Blood supply to the anterior pituitary from the median eminence. Empty into the sinusoid of the ant. Pituitary.
71
Hypothalamus is made up of what distinct nuclei that secrete neurohormones to control secretion of ant pituitary?
Supra optic
Paraventricular (pvn)
Suprachiasmatic
Ventromedial
Dorsomedial
Arcuate (arc)
Axons converge in median eminence
72
GnRH causes what to release in the ant pituitary
LH
FSH
73
GnRH neurons located where
POA and ARC
74
What follicle contains oocyte with a single layer of flattened pre granulosa cells?
Primordial=flattened
75
How many oocytes will a woman ovulate in her life
450
76
Oogonia multiply by
Mitosis around the 5th week of gestation (start at 1000-2000 then after mitosis reach 6-7 million by the 20th week)
77
Primary oocyte are the first stage of
Meiosis
78
Meiosis in primary oocyte
DNA replication forms tetrads
Primary oocytes lose intercellular bridges and become surrounded by flattened epithelial pregranulosa cells
Somatic cells surround oocytes
Arrest in meiosis prophase 1 (p1, GV) diplotene
79
Primordial follicles become abundant at what week of fetal gestation
16-20
80
Primordial follicle activation occurs when
Flattened pre granulosa cells become cuboidal
81
Neurotropins are what
And what kind is involved in follicle activation?
Soluble polypeptide growth factors in the ovary (and other non neural tissue)
NGF
82
When does follicular atresia begin
20th week of gestation
99.9% primordial follicles never mature
83
When does the zona show up, what stage
Increases in systemic FSH and LH increase the volume of the ooplasm and secretion of the zona occurs in the transformation of a primordial follicle to a primary follicle.
84
ZP 4 glycoproteins
ZP1-4
85
What stimulates GC mitosis
FSH LH
86
Androgens primarily affect
GC
Act synergistically with FSH
87
Cytokines within the antral follicle fluid
Regulate angiogenesis, steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, leukocyte infiltration and follicular rupture
88
Mural GC are located where
Pressed against the wall of the follicle
89
2 oocyte secreted morphogens that regulate cumulus gene expression
GDF9, BMP15
90
Preovulatory (tertiary/garafian) form a stigma (blister) on ovary, pituitary LH surge causes cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation on what day of a 28 day menstrual cycle?
14
LH is responsible for resuming meiosis 1
91
What stage is the ovulated oocyte arrested at … think about it mature oocyte ready for fert?
Metaphase of meiosis II
92
Resumption of meiosis in an oocyte is triggered by
Gonadotropin increase (LH and FSH)
93
M1 vs M2 what gets lost at what stage
Meiosis 1:
GVBD OCCURS
METAPHASE 1: homo chromosomes align
Anaphase/telo: sister chromatids pulled apart
Metaphase 2: pb (one chromatid from sister cheomosome) is extruded
94
What are some things that can happen abnormally during meiosis
Meiotic non disjunction ( imbalance of chromosomes - aneuploidy)
Genomic imprinting- gene activation or silencing
95
Deletion or errors of imprinting genetic disorders
Prader willi syndrome
Anglemans syndrome
Cancers
96
What are connexins
(What are the 3 types)
Gap junction proteins that communicate between COC
Cx37 (oocyte cumulus)
Cx43 (granulosa cells) LH inhibits mapk/pka activity creates resumption of meiosis
97
Principle kinases and phosphotases that play a role in oocyte maturation
Maturation promoting factor:
P34cdc2 (cdk1)
Cyclin B
MAPK (erk): microtubule assembly
PP - Serine/theronine protein phosphatases : gv breakdown and spindle breakdown
98
What happens when sperm enters the oocyte nucleus?
Ca surge from oocyte
Glutathione in oocyte breaks disulfide bonds in sperm chromatin to allow it to decondense
99
Increase in cAMP does what in the oocyte
Maintains meiotic arrest by affecting activity of MPF
100
Oocyte granulosa/cumulus gap junctions proteins are what
Connexins 37, 43
101
GNRH is released by the hypothalamus
Fast pulse=
Slow pulse=
Fast= LH
Slow=fsh
102
Spermatogenesis
Whole sperm life cycle
103
Spermiogenesis
Spermatid to mature spermatozoa
104
Final steps of spermiogenesis
Sperm nucleus condensed and histones replaced with protamines
105
Oligomenorrhea
Irregular ovulation
106
Amenorrhea
Failure to ovulate
107
Primary amenorrhea
Abscence of period by 15
108
Secondary amenorrhea
No menstruation for 3 months
109
Insler score
Measure of sperm numbers and performance in mucous
5 or more is normal
110
Kremer test
Sperm-mucus assay that measures sperm penetration into bovine mucus
Detects antibodies
111
Inhibin b produced in what phase of the menses cycle
Follicular
112
Inhibin a produced at what phase of cycle
Late follicular
113
Follstatin
Glycoprotein throughout body that bind protein and modulate interactions of Activins with their signaling receptors
114
Follstatin secretion ________. FSH
Inhibits
115
Mpf
2 types
Kinase and phosphotase involved in oocyte maturation
P34
Cyclin b
116
Phosphotases ________ a phosphate
Kinases _______ a phosphate in oocyte maturation
Remove
Add
117
Csf does what in oocyte maturation
Cytostatic factor
Enforces metaphase 2 arrest by inhibiting MPF pathway
118
Pp1
Pp2a
Protein phosphateses in gvs
Pp1=nuclear envelope dissolve inhibitor
Pp2a=blocks spindle formation
119
Corpus albicans produces what to cause what
PGF2-a = vasospasm of spiral arteries and contracts myometrium
120
2 Acrosome exocytosis pathways induced by binding to the zona
Gi protein
Tk receptor with PLCgamma
121
2 Acrosome exocytosis pathways induced by binding to the zona
Gi protein
Tk receptor with PLCgamma
122
2 Acrosome exocytosis pathways induced by binding to the zona
Gi protein
Tk receptor with PLCgamma
123
Plasma membrane proteins required for gamete fusion
Sperm
Oocyte
Izumo
Juno
124
Cortical reaction is what
Zona hardening after fert
125
Ovastacin
Fetuin-b
Involved in cortical reaction
126
Totipotent
4c stage blast - 4 totally healthy offspring can occur if split at this point
127
Pluripotent
ICM cells appear
Can derive all 3 embryonic germ layers (endo, ecto, meso)
128
Plenipotency
Between 4 cell totipotent and before icm/troph commitment pluripotent
129
ASRM guidelines for AH
Previous failed cycles
Poor embryo quality
38 and older
130
Syncytium
Placenta circulation formation
131
Implantation on what day of cycle
20-24
132
Implantation complete on what day after fertilization
7-12
133
Endometrial receptivity cell adhesion molecules -3
Integrin avB3
Osteopontin
BMPs
134
The
135
Embryo bio markers of implantation
HLA-G
HCG (8 days after conception)
136
GnRH antagonist medicine
Leuprolide
Prevent premature surge of LH to avoid ovulation
137
Oral stim medicine (endogenous)
Clomiphine citrate (clomid)
Letrozole
138
Clomid
Selective estrogen receptor modulator acts at hypothalamus
Agonist and antagonist
Mostly antagonist- blocks e from binding, lack of binding causes increase in GnRH to produce more (FSH) to make more E2= multifollicular development
Structure= cl o n
139
Letrozole
Aromatase inhibitor
so no estrone or estradiol
Decreases estrogen at hypo and pituitary and increases gonadotropins to stimulate follicular growth. Stop medicine= normal E2
Figure= symmetrical n-n-n
140
Injectable stimulants medicine (exogenous)
Gonadotropins hMG = menopur = nun pee
Gonadotropins (FSH)= recombinant = follitropin
141
Prevent ovulation
GnRH agonist= stimulate LH FSH BUT THEN SUPPRESS once suppressed use exogenous injection of gonadotropins
Ex: Luprolide then inject fsh
GnRH antagonists = ganirelix act on pituitary
