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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe ligament of the ankle

A
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2
Q

In which position of the foot do most ankle injuries occur and why?

A

Plantarflexion
narrow end of trochlea of talus lies loosely between the malleoli

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3
Q

Types of fracture

A

Simple: the overlying skin is intact.
Compound: the bone communicates with the skin surface.
Comminuted: the bone is fragmented.
Displaced: the ends of the bone at the fracture site are not aligned.
Stress: a slowly developing fracture that follows increased physical activity in which the bone is
subjected to repetitive loads.
Greenstick: extending only partially through the bone, common in children
Pathologic: involving bone weakened by an underlying disease process e.g. tumour

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4
Q

Timeframe of fracture healing

A
  1. Hours - Haematoma with fibrin mesh
  2. Days - inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and capillary buds
  3. 0-2 weeks - Organising hematoma and procallus formation: inflammatory cells release growth factors ; osteoclasts and osteoblasts are activated and form a soft tissue callus
  4. 2-3 weeks - Cartilage and bony callus formation: osteoblasts deposit trabeculae of woven bone, chondroblasts make cartilage which undergoes endochondral ossification to form bony callus
  5. Resorption and remodelling: as callus matures the portions that are not stressed are resorbed/remodelled
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5
Q

Branches of the brachial artery contributing periarticular anastomosis around elbow

A
  • Profunda brachii
  • superior and inferior ulnar collateral
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6
Q

Boundaries cubital fossa

A

Base: line between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
Lateral side: medial border brachioradialis
Medial side: lateral border pronator teres
Floor: brachialis and supinator

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7
Q

Formation, circulation and resorption CSF

A

Formation - choroidal epithelial cells in ventricles, 500ml/d
Circulation - lateral > IV formina > 3rd > cerebral aqueduct > 4th
Then med and lat apertures to sub arach space and quadrigeminal and interpeducular cisterns
Resorption - to venous system through arachnoid granulations

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8
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Cushioning - protect injury
Buoyancy - protect CNs
Nutrient
Immunological
Homeostasis

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9
Q

Origin and terminal branches femoral artery

A

origin: external iliac at inguial lig
terminal: profunda fermoris and superficial femoral artery

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10
Q

Features 1st rib

A

1 facet
Broad, short and sharply curved
two transverse grooves separated by scalene tubercle

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11
Q

Muscular attachment 2nd rib

A

Serratus anterior

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12
Q

Neurovascular relations 1st rib

A

C8+T1 become lower trunk brachial plexus, post to artery
Sympathetic trunk ant border neck
1st IC neurovascular bundle beneath undersurface
SC vein ant to scalene tubercle
SC art post to scalene tubercle

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13
Q

Nerve which passes through mandible and course

A

Inferior alveolar nerve
in through mandibular foramen, out through mental foramen

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14
Q

Key structures mandible

A

Body, angle, condyle (head+ neck), coronoid process

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15
Q

Structure post to medial malleolus ankle

A

T: tibialis posterior tendon
D: flexor digitorum longus tendon
A: artery (posterior tibial)
V: vein (posterior tibial)
N: nerve (tibial)
H: flexor hallucis longus tendon

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16
Q

Anatomical features stability glenohumeral joint

A
  1. joint capsule + rotator cuff muscle
  2. ligaments - glenohumeral and coracoacromial
  3. tendons - biceps + triceps
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17
Q

Innervation urethra

A

male - prostatic nerve plexus and dorsal nerve penis spongy part
female - vesical plexus and pudendal nerve

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18
Q

Course of the thoracic aorta

A

Arch begins at aortic orifice
Arch begins posterior 2nd sternocostal jt
Goes sup, post and L, ant to right pulm art and carina
Descends post to lung root and arch ends T4
Descending aorta T4, towards midline alongside oesophagus
Ends when passes through aortic hiatus T12

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19
Q

Cerebral arteries and lobes they supply

A

ACA - frontal and parietal
MCA - frontal, lateral temporal, parietal
PCA - medical temporal, parietal, occipital

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20
Q

Vessels contributing to posterior circulation

A

PCA
Sup cerebellar
A+P inf cerebellar
Pontine

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21
Q

Parts to identify on scapula

A

Spine
Subscapular fossa
Infra and supra spinous fossa
Glenoid cavity
Coracoid process
Acromion

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22
Q

Movement at vertebrae

A

Cervical - flexion, extension, rotation, lat flexion
Thoracic - rotation
Lumbar - flexion, extension, rotation, lat flexion

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23
Q

Difference between ulnar nerve lesion elbow and wrist

A

Wrist more pronounced claw hand

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24
Q

Venous drainage of the foot

A

Deep - paired veins go with arteries
Superficial - not with arteries
Dorsal venous network -> dorsal venus arch
Plantar venous network -> medial marginal -> great saphenous / -> lateral marginal -> small saphenous

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25
Lymphatics of the upper limb
Originate hand Travel with cephalic and basilic veins Basilic to cubital then to axillary Cephalic to axillary
26
Course of iliac arteries
L3/4 from aorta Divide AP at L5/S1 Internal to pelvis External follows iliopsoas to mid ing point - femoral at ing lig
27
Ligaments of the wrist
Ulnar collateral Radial collateral Dorsal radio ulnar and radio carpal Intercarpal ligaments Palmar radio ulnar and radiocarpal
28
Surface markings carotid sheath
from midpoint between mastoid and angle of mandible to SCJ
29
Anatomy inguinal canal
4cm long sup to medial ing ligament Superficial ring sup to pubic tubercle Deep ring sup to mid ing ligament
30
Direct vs indirect hernia
Direct - acquired due to weakness ant abdominal wall Indirect - congenital, through entire canal with patent processus vaginalis
31
Structures in a hernia
Small bowel Large bowel Mesentery Abdominal viscera
32
Things to assess digital injury
Nerve - sensation Blood - CRT Tendon
33
Mediastinal contours
R - SVC, r atrium L - Aorta, L atrium + ventricle
34
Parts of the radius
head - articulates capitelum of humerus Neck Radial tuberosity - attachment biceps Shaft Styloid process Ulnar notch Dorsal tubercle
35
Movement of radius on supination
Rotates radial head laterally around its axis Head rotates within annular ligament
36
Fracture complications
Neurovascular compromise Compartment syndrome Haemorrhage Infection Pain Fat embolism
37
Muscles posterior compartment leg
Superficial - gastrocnemeus, soleus, plantaris Deep - popliteus, FHL, FDL, TP
38
Course of the tibial nerve
From apex popliteal fossa from sciatic nerve Passes between heads gastrocnemius with artery Divides into medial and lateral plantar under flexor retinaculum
39
Position thyroid gland
C5-T1 Lobes anterolateral to larynx and trachea Isthmus at 2nd-3rd tracheal rings
40
Venous drainage brain
Superior sagittal goes to confluence of sinuses Inferior sagittal and great cerebral go to straight sinus then confluence From confluence to transverse, then sigmoid, then IJV
41
Ligaments of the hip joint
Iliofemoral - AIIS -> intertrochanteric line Pubofemoral - obturator crest -> capsule Ischiofemoral (post) - Acetabular rim to base greater trochanter
42
Supply from popliteal artery
Divides to post and ant tibial at popliteus Post in post compartment - then post to med malleolus - then med and lat plantar arteries Ant in ant compartment - then ant over ankle to become dorsalis pedis
43
Attachment proximal tibia
Ligaments : a p cruciate and patella Menisci: a and p horns Med: semimembranous and vastus medialis Lat: iliotibial tract, ed longus, peroneus longus
44
Joints in foot eversion and inversion
Talocalcaneal Transverse tarsal
45
Attachment of interossei
Dorsal - bipenate, adjacent 2x metacarpals to base prox phalanyx Palmar - unipenate 2,4,5th MCs to base prox phalanx
46
Structures deep to flexor retinaculum wrist
FDS FDP FPL median nerve
47
Areas heart supplied LCA
Bundle of his Septum (ant) LA LV Anterior wall RV
48
Cruciate ligament attachment
Ant - ant intercondylar area tibia to medial part lat condyle femur Post - post IC area tibia to lat part medial condyle femur
49
Ligaments stabilise C1 and 2
Cruciate - strong transverse and weaker vertical bands, hold dens in place and prevents pressure on medulla from dens Alar - x2 from side dens to edge foramen magnum, limit rotation Tectorial membrane - continuation posterior longitudinal ligament
50
Position heart left hemithorax
Inferior border on diaphragm Base against thoracic vertebrae t6-9 Apex 5th IC space
51
Features lumbar vertebrae
Large kidney body TPs long and slender Vertebral foramen triagle - larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical Spinous process short and thick
52
Characteristics cervical vertibrae
Small oval body Large vertebral canal Concave superior surface Convex inferior Short bifid spinous process, down sloping Horizobtal facet joints Transverse processes with formane for vertebral vessels
53
Shoulder ligaments and function
Glenohumeral - anterior stability Coracohumeral - superior joint calsule stability Coracoacromial - prevents superior displacement Transverse humeral - holds long head biceos tendon in intertunercular groove
54
Muscular attachments greater trochanter femur
Glut med and min Piriformis Obturator internis Sup and inf gemilli
55
Cause of avascular necrosis femoral head
Due to dueal supply disruption Med and lat cx femoral MAIN and branch of obturater to head of femur Main retinacular from cx which are torn or disrupted im intracapsular fracture
56
Venous drainage hand and forearm
Superficial - dorsal venous and superficial palmar venous to basilic and cephalic Deep - deep palmar arch with paired ulnar and radial arteries to brachial
57
Nerve supply to the sole of the foot
Medial and lateral plantar from the tibial nerve Sural nerve lateral border Calcaneal supplied heal (branches tibial and sural)
58
Nerve supply dorsum of the foot
Superficial peroneal Deep peroneal 1st web space Saphenous medial malleolus Sural lateral border
59
Surface anatomy post tibial and sural nerve at ankle
Post tibial medial, between med malleolus and achilles tendon Sural lateral between achilles tendon and lateral malleolus
60
Arterial supply to the face
Anastomosis of facial artery (ext carotid, has tortuous course to medial angle eye) And transverse facial artery from superficial temporal artery
61
Course ureters
Hila L1/2 Medial to TPs lumbar Crosses pelvic brim SI joint Along lat wall pelvic to ischial spine Goes medially to enter bladder
62
Muscles attached to the linea aspera
Vastus lateralis and medialis All adductors Short head biceps femoris
63
Structures posterior to medial malleolus
Tib post Flexor digi longus Post tin art, vein, Tib nerve Flexor hallucis longus
64
Blood supply gastrocnemius
Sural artery (branch of popliteal)
65
Course internal jugular vein
Continuation sigmoid sinus at jugular foramen In carotid sheath Deep to SCM Joins SCV post to sternal end clavicle Forms BCV
66
Boundaries and contents carpal tunnel
Scaphoid and trapezium, pisiform and hook hamate median nerve (except palmar cutaneous), FPL, FDS, FDP
67
Thenar muscles not innervated by median nerve
adductor policis and FPB
68
Stability to shoulder joint
Joint capsule Deepening glenoid cavity by labrum Glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments Coracoacromial arch Tendons biceps and triceps
69
Attachments to the clavicle
Medial - sup scm, inf pec major Middle - inf subclavius Lat - post trapezius, Ant deltoid
70
Bursae of the shoulder
Subscapular - neck of scapula and subscap tendon Subacromial -
71
Landmarks LP
Iliac crests to L4 spinous process L34 45 51
72
Ulnar nerve injury at elbow
Sensory medial palm and fingers Motor Loss adduction and weak flexion Weak flexion dipj 4th and 5th Ad and abduct 4th and 5th Weak thumb adduction
73
Boundaries of the axilla
Base - skin and soft tissue Apex - cervicoaxillary canal Ant - pec major and minor Post - scapula and lat dorsi Lat - humerus Medial - thoracic wall
74
Identifying end of clavicle
Conoid tuberculosis inferior and lateral Groove for subclavius underneath
75
Anatomical relations medial third clavicle
Ant soft tissue Med scj Post brachiocephalic vein, apical pleura
76
Deltoid proximal attachments
Spine of scapula and acromium
77
Distal radius
Styloid process Dorsal tubercle Ulnar notch
78
Distal radius
Styloid process Dorsal tubercle Ulnar notch
79
Course radial nerve
Through triangular space In spiral groove humerus Lateral in cubital fossa Deep to brachioradialis laterally Divides into superficial and deep Superficial sensory only Deep innervates muscles posterior forearm
80
Course of the brachial artery
Continuation oder axillary at lower border teres major Medial to humerus Lies on brachialis as enters cubital fossa Divides into radial and ulnar over proximal radius Crossed from lat to med by median nerve
81
Collateral ligaments of the elbow
Radial collateral - blends with annular ligament Ulnar collateral - ant to coronoid tubercle strongest, oblique band, weak posterior fan like band
82
Muscles from the extensor origin humerus (lat epicondyle)
Ext carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris
83
Thumb muscles innervation by radial
APL cmcj EPB mcpj EPL ipj
84
Structures superior to flexor retinaculum
Ulnar nerve Ulnar artery Palmaris longus Sup cut median Palmar branch radial artery
85
Arterial supply hand
Radial, deep palmar, 3 palmar metacarpal Ulnar, superficial palmar, 3 palmar digital
86
Attachment interossei
From base of metacarpals to base proximal phalanges
87
Muscles thenar eminence origin and insertion
All from flexor retinaculum APB and FPB base lat proximal phalanx OP lat 1st MC
88
Locations fluid accumulation pelvis
Vesicouterine pouch - uterus and bladder Rectouterine pouch - between ant rectum post bladder
89
Nerves within mandible
Inferior alveolar Lingual Auricotemporal Mandibular branch facial
90
Compartments of the hand
Thenar - fpb, apb, op Adductor - add policis Central - lumbricals IO - io Hypothenar - adm, odm, fdmb
91
Venous drainage heart
Great middle and small cardiac veins drain coronary sinus to right atrium
92
Bronchial vein drainage
Deep directly into Pulmonary veins and then left atrium Superficial inti azygous and hemiazygous
93
Hip ab and adduction
add L234 ab L5S1
94
XR osteoarthritis
subchondral cysts subchondral sclerosis osteophytes bony spurs thinned and fibrillated cartilage
95
XR RA
joint effusion juxtaarticular osteopenia erosion and narrowing joint space loss articular cartilage
96
Portal systemic anastamoses
Oesophageal veins drain into azygous or left gastric Inf and middle rectal veins drain into IVC and sup rectal into inferior mesenteric
97
Innervation psoas major
L1-3
98
Course sciatic nerve
From L4-S3 Through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis Deep to gluteus maximus Post thigh deep to biceps femoris Bifurcates Apex popliteal fossa to tibial and common fibular nerve
99
Course IJV
Sup post to ICA Inf lat to CCA
100
Factors affecting drug efficacy
Affinity for receptor Route of administration Absorption and distribution Clearance from the body

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