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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Equine Anatomy

What side of the body does the equine stomach mostly lie on?

A

The left side

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2
Q

Equine Anatomy

What is the saccus cecus in the equine stomach?

A

the “blind pouch” where esophagus opens into stomach @ a tight angle

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3
Q

Equine Anatomy

What structure is the non-glandular part of the equine stomach in contact with?

A

The base of the spleen (gastrosplenic ligament)

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4
Q

Equine Anatomy

ID the hepatic lobes (equine) on the parietal surface

A
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5
Q

Equine Anatomy

What structure divides the glandular and non-glandular portions of the equine stomach?

A

Margo plicatus

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6
Q

Equine Anatomy

Describe the equine greater and lesser omentums

A

Greater: short & attached to transverse colon
- gastrophrenic lig. (cardia to crura)
- gastrosplenic lig.
- phrenicosplenic lig.
- renosplenic lig.

Lesser: hepatogastric lig. and hepatoduodenal lig.

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7
Q

Equine Anatomy

What is the suspensory ligment of the equine spleen?

A

the phrenicosplenic lig. + the nephrosplenic lig.

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8
Q

Equine Anatomy

How is the equine spleen in contact with the left kidney and the stomach?

A

Left kidney: nephrosplenic lig.

Greater curvature of the stomach: gastrosplenic lig. (part of greater omentum)

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9
Q

Equine Anatomy

Renosplenic entrapment in equines

A

when left colon becomes displaced//lodged within space formed by the renosplenic lig. (renosplenic space)

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10
Q

Equine Anatomy

Describe the equine liver:
- position
- features
- its attachment to the diaphragm

A
  • located entirely within thoracic cage, mostly on the right side, and is completely overlapped by the lung
  • NO right lobe divisions; NO gallbladder; NO papillary process of the caudate lobe
  • right & left triangular ligaments continue bilaterally as the coronary ligaments -> converge into the falciform ligament -> attaches liver to diaphragm
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11
Q

Equine Anatomy

What are the portal ring and pancreatic ring in the equine pancreas?

A

The portal vein//portal ring perforates thru the pancreatic body -> the right + left pancreatic lobes fuse around the portal vein, forming the pancreatic ring

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12
Q

Equine Anatomy

Right versus left equine kidneys

A

Right: heart-shaped and in contact with caudate hepatic lobe (cannot be palpated rectally)

Left: bean-shaped

smooth unipapillary
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13
Q

Equine Anatomy

Unique features of the equine kidneys

A
  • Terminal Recesess (2 large collecting ducts in each kidney that drain urine from papillary ducts in each pole, into the renal pelvis)
  • Mucous Glands (located in renal pelvis + proximal ureters that make equine urine a normal cloudy/frothy/turbid consistency)
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14
Q

Equine Anatomy

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla cavity in the equine duodenum?

A

cavity in the major duodenual papilla where bile (hepato) and pancreatic ducts empty into

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15
Q

Equine Anatomy

What ligaments are present in the equine transverse duodenum?

A

the caudal duodenal flexure = transverse duodenum – surrounds the cranial mesenteric artery, caudally

  • cecoduodenal lig.
  • renoduodenal lig. (rt. kidney)
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16
Q

Equine Anatomy

Consequence of the equine’s long jejunum (22m) and long mesojejunum (4m-6m)?

A

prone to intussusception into epiploic foramen or tunica vaginalis (via inguinal canal)

22m = 60-70ft

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17
Q

Equine Anatomy

What is the significance of the ileal papilla in the equine ileo-cecal orifice?

A

Formed by this orifice, it is a muscular sphincter valve that contains a network of veins that, when engorged with blood, narrow the ileo-cecal orifice (act as a vascular sphincter) –> can become a site of INTUSSUSCEPTION

#1

Note the cecocolic orifice as well, which is a slit-like, non-muscular-sphincter valve formed by two mucosal folds

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18
Q

Equine Anatomy

Describe the position of the equine cecum

A
  • BASE = in right paralumbar fossa
  • BODY = lies on abdominal floor
  • APEX = points to xiphoid process
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19
Q

Equine Anatomy

What are the 4 cecal taenia (bands) of the equine cecum?

bands = thickenings of external muscularis

A
  1. Dorsal band = provides attachment for ileocecal fold (joins cecum to ileum)
  2. Lateral band = where the lateral cecal artery (LCA) is located, and provides attachement for cecocolic fold (joins cecum to asc. colon)
  3. Medial band = where the medial cecal artery (MCA) is located
  4. Ventral band = is free
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20
Q

Equine Anatomy

How can the equine cecum lose its blood supply?

A

If the cranial mesenteric artery or ileocecal arteries become obstructed (LCA and MCA originate from cecal br. of ileocolic a.)

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21
Q

Equine Anatomy

Equine Ascending Colon
- start/end
- order of structures
- surfaces

A
  • Starts/ends @ cecocolic orifice/transverse colon
  • RVC -> sternal flexure -> LVC -> pelvic flexure -> LDC -> diaphragmatic flexure -> RDC
  • Ventral colons = sacculated; dorsal colons = smooth
right side
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22
Q

Equine Anatomy

What tightly binds the equine transverse colon to the dorsal body wall? What fixes it to the ascending duodenum?

A
  • transverse colon tightly bound to dorsal body wall via transverse mesocolon
  • transverse colon fixed with the asc. duodenum via duodenocolic fold
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23
Q

Equine Anatomy

How can the equine descending colon be identified?

A
  • Sacculated (fecal balls appearance)
  • LONG descending mesocolon!
  • 2 tenia
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24
Q

Equine Anatomy

Where are the potential points of obstruction in the equine GIT?

A

where sudden diameter changes; where flexures occur
- ileoceco orifice
- cecocolic orifice
- pelvic flexure
- diaphragmatic flexure
- transition from asc. to transverse colon

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25
# **Equine Anatomy** Where is the epiploic foramen located in the **horse**?
At base of caudate hepatic lobe, bounded dorsally by caudal vena cava and ventrally by the portal vein & prt. pancreatic lobe *epiploic foramen = potential space of communication b/w peritoneal cavity and omental bursa in the right cranial abdomen* ## Footnote Is a **SITE OF ENTRAPMENT!!** - Antegrade (R->L -- more common) : jejunum herniates thru - Retrograde (L->R -- less common) : jejunum pushes greater omentum thru
26
# **Equine Anatomy** Describe the *cranial mesenteric artery* supply to the **equine** colon
- **Colic br.** supplies ventral colon (asc. colon NEAR cecum) - **Right colic a.** supplies dorsal colon (asc. colon AWAY from cecum)
27
# **Equine Anatomy** Equine Verminous Arteritis
**Strongylus vulgaris larvae** migrate from the SI to the **cranial mesenteric artery** --> cause *aneurysms, thrombosis, and obstruction of blood supply to portion of the SI or cecum* --> **necrosis**
28
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID stomach chamber and arrows
**Bovine Rumen** - left arrow = **ruminal papillae **(present everywhere but the roof) - right arrow =** ruminal pillar**
29
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID stomach chamber
Bovine Reticulum
30
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What are the **3 openings** of the ruminant **reticulum**?
**1. Cardiac opening** (@ 8th ICS) **2. Ruminoreticular opening** **3. Reticulo-omasal opening** (in lower **right** wall of reticulum)
31
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What view is this? What structures are removed? ID the numbers.
- **Right** view - **omasum** and **abomasum** are removed 1. **Rumen** 2. **Cranial ruminal sac** 3. **Reticulum** 4. **Reticulo-omasal opening**
32
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Pathogenesis of **hardware disease** (each TRPs)
1. **Traumatic ReticuloPeri*carditis***: sharp metallic objects in reticulum (*cranial* wall) -> protrude into diaphragm -> pericardium -> **pericarditis** 2. **Traumatic ReticuloPeri*tonitis***: sharp metallic objects in reticulum (*right* wall) -> protrude into liver -> **hepatitis & liver abscess**
33
# **Ruminant Anatomy** In the bovine, the **omasum is __?__ than the reticulum.** In the small ruminant, it is the opposite.
In the bovine, the **omasum** is **larger than the reticulum.** In the small ruminant, it is the opposite.
34
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What is the position of the **omasum** on in ruminants/small ruminants? What covers it?
- **Ruminants**: Entirely on the RIGHT side. Covered by the **lesser omentum**. - **SR**: Entirely on the RIGHT side but NO contact with Rt. body wall; the **liver** sits between/completely covers it
35
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Describe the **interior of the omasum.**
Papillated omasal laminae are arranged in **four levels**. In between laminae are **interlaminar recesses**. Image: - 31 = base of omasum - 32 - omasal laminae - 33 = interlaminar recessess - 34 = papullae - 35 = omasal groove - 36 = omaso-abomasal orifice - 39 = fundus
36
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Where is the **Abomasum** positioned?
- **RIGHT** side (7-11 ribs) - **directly contacts abdominal floor** - sits behind the xiphoid cartilage
37
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Where can the **pyloric part** of the abomasum be found?
On the **right side in b/w greater & lesser omenta** (which are attached to abomasum's greater & lesser curvatures).
38
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What is the **torus pyloricus**?
a *normal projection* at the pylorus that may be mistaken for an obstruction lesion or a tumor. | **42 = torus pyloricus**
39
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID red arrow
**Omaso-abomasal orifice** - the two folds at the orifice form a **valve**: **vela abomascia**
40
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What is **Right side Torsion of the Abomasum (RTA)**?
Occurs with **RDA** - **RDA: damages vagal nerves** (located along lesser curvature of abomasum) **and twists them with the torus pyloricus** --> leads to **vagal indigestion** ## Footnote **RDA: abomasum moves from ventral abd. to a position *lateral to omental sling on cow's right side***
41
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID the numbers
1. dorsal curvature 2. ventral curvature 3. left longitudinal groove 4. left accessory groove 5. cranial groove 6. caudal groove 7. dorsal sac 8. atrium 9. ventral sac 10. recess of ventral sac of rumen 11. left dorsal coronary groove 12. left ventral coronary groove 13. caudodrosal blind sac 14. caudoventral blind sac 15. ruminoreticular groove (yellow broken line)
42
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID the numbers | **RIGHT side**
6. caudal groove 7. dorsal sac 8. atrium 9. ventral sac 11. right dorsal coronary groove 12. right ventral coronary groove 13. caudodorsal blind sac 14. caudoventral blind sac 16. right longitudinal groove 17. right accessory groove 18. insula ruminis
43
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What is the importance of the ruminal grooves?
Lodge neurovascular supply
44
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Describe the **attachments** of the **greater omentum**
- **Superficial layer** @ LEFT longitudinal groove - **Deep layer** @ RIGHT longitudinal groove - Layers are **continuous** @ caudal groove ## Footnote greater omentum runs over dorsal ruminal sac -> attaches spleen to rumen, attaches dorsal ruminal sac to sublumbar region -> *stability*
45
# **Ruminant Anatomy** **Supraomental Recess** - location - function
- A V-shaped hammock (**omental sling**) formed by the greater omentum - is **open caudally**- where intestine can leave & pregnant uterus can enter - Is the **space in between deep layer of G.O. and the rumen** - provides a place for **GI tract to sit in**: **jejunum/mesojejunum**; **spiral colon** (to the LEFT of mesojejunum)
46
What structures of the GIT can be seen on right lateral view with an intact greater omentum?
Abomasum and descending duodenum
47
Where is the lesser omentum?
attached to the lesser curvature of the abomasum, covering the omasum
48
Clinical significance of the **pig's ear** of the **lesser omentum**
Is a **free slip** that appears like a **pig's ear**, which can be used in **omentopexy** and in **ID of abomasum in LDAs**
49
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What is the main blood supply to the ruminant stomach?
**Celiac Artery** - splenic br., left gastric br., and hepatic aa.
50
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Sympathetic innervation to ruminant stomach
Splanchnic nerve
51
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Parasympathetic innervation to ruminant stomach, what it supplies and its functions
Vagus nerve - dorsal vagal trunk -> rumen - ventral vagal trunk -> all other compartments - controls **closure of gastric groove**, contraction cycle, eructation & regurg.
52
# **Ruminant Anatomy** **Gastric/esophageal groove** - location - parts - function
- **Location**: begins at **cardia orifice** (esophagus), **goes thru the reticulo-omasal orifice**and extends all the way into the abomasum, ending near **pyloric region** - **3 Parts**: *reticular groove*, *omasal groove*, *abomasal groove* (named after groove's location as it extends) - **Function**: When **suckling animals** feed on milk, the right and left lips of the reticular groove *contract*, **forming the duct-like structure** -> **milk can bypass rumen and reticulum, avoiding abnormal fermentation**
53
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What can **mimick** closure of gastric groove?
- Drugs containing copper/nicotine sulfates (e.g., anthelmintics intended for abomasal worms) - PO sodium sulfate (if intact vagus nerve) ## Footnote antihelmintics intended for rumen/reticulum worms are delivered directly via stomach tube
54
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Location of ruminant spleen
entirely on left side, firmly attached to craniodorsal aspect of rumen (via G.O.)
55
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Ruminant **hemal nodes**
receive and filter blood instead of lymph; found especially along the aorta; are *dark brown* in color
56
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID organ and the two regions
Ruminant **liver** (pushed & rotated 90º by the rumen) - **Dorsal** = **RIGHT** lobe - **Ventral** = **LEFT** lobe
57
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID the numbers on the **visceral surface** of the small ruminant liver
1. Left lobe 2. Papillary process of caudate lobe 3. Caudate process of caudate lobe 4. Cystic duct 5. Right lobe 6. Gallbaldder 7. Quadrate lobe 8. Renal impression
58
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What is the difference between the **large ruminant** and **small ruminant** pancreas?
**Large Ruminant**: NO pancreatic duct (major duodenal papilla is for common bile duct *only*), and the **accessory pancreatic duct** = main duct, opening @ *minor* duodenal papilla **Small Ruminant**: DO have a pancreatic duct, opening with the common bile duct @ the major duodenal papilla
59
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID **2, 3, 4,** and **14**
**2.** Sigmoid loop of the duodenum **3.** Jejunum (on rt. side in supraomental recess) **4.** Ileum (ileocecal fold = 6) **14.** Mesenteric lymph nodes (found along attached border of mesojejunum)
60
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Where is the ruminant **cecum** located? Where is the apex directed?
In the **right paralumbar fossa**; **apex directed caudally towards the pelvic inlet** (different from equine cecum, where apex is directed toward xiphoid cartilage)
61
# **Ruminant Anatomy** ID the *red*, *blue*, and *green* parts of the ruminant **ascending colon**
**red** = proximal loop **blue** = spiral loop - a. inner = centripetal coils - b. central flexure - c. outer = centrifugal coils **green** = distal loop
62
# **Ruminant Anatomy** What is unique about the descending colon in large ruminants?
The sigmoid shape // S-shaped curve just before the rectum starts
63
# **Ruminant Anatomy** **Small Ruminant Intestinal tract**: ID the numbers
1. descending duodenum 2. ascending duodenum 3. jejunum 4. cecum 5. proximal loop of ascending colon 6. spiral loop of ascending colon 7. **descending colon** 8. mesojejunum (recall the spiral loop lays on the RIGHT side of this) 9. Ileocecal fold
64
# **Ruminant Anatomy** Describe position of the **right bovine kidney**
- **Pendulous/floating**: is suspended from abdominal roof by renal vessels, and is enclosed by fat-filled peritoneum - Rumen pushes LK **towards midline**
65
# **Ruminant Anatomy** **Bovine Kidney** - ID numbers 1-7 - What structres are **missing**?
1. Lobe of kidney 2. Cortex 3. Medullary pyramid 4. Renal papilla projecting into calix 5. Minor calix 6. Major calix 7. Ureter *Bovine kidneys LACK a renal crest and renal pelvis!* ## Footnote No fusion of renal papillae (-> no renal crest) No central urine-collecting chamber (-> no renal pelvis)
66
# **Ruminant Anatomy** **Small ruminant kidney** - ID the colors
Pink = cortex Orange = medullary pyramid Blue = renal crest Yellow = renal pelvis ## Footnote Renal crest: formed by fusion of renal papillae, forming ridge (crest) Renal pelvis: central urine-collecting chamber -> ureter

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