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college revision > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Define digestion

A

converting food into chemical substances that can be absorbed into the blood. And used by the body for energy

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2
Q

state the order of the digestive system

A

Mouth->esophagus->stomach->small intestine->large intestine-> accessory organs

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3
Q

state the accessory organs

A

gall bladder
pancreas
liver
Salivary glands

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4
Q

the function and structure of the mouth is:

A

breaks food up (mastication) and lubricating of food
Has teeth that breaks down food

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5
Q

Tongue function and structure:

A

muscular organ in the mouth covered with a moist pink tissue (mucosa)
function: licking, tasting, breathing, swallowing and speaking. Mixes saliva with the food during and swallowing. Also aids in taste and forms food into a boules

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the salivary glands?

A

Saliva contains amylase (an enzyme) that breaks down carbohydrates into sugars. Assisted by the tongue to move saliva around and to the throat

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7
Q

Types of teeth

A

Premolar, incisors, molar, canine

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8
Q

Canine tooth definition

A

long narrow with a single root. Upper canine are larger. lower canine are smaller. help to cut and tear food

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9
Q

Define Pre-Molar

A

share structure with both canines and molars. series of cusps and elevation

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10
Q

Incisors structure and function

A

flat thin edge made to bite into food and break it into smaller parts

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11
Q

Name the esophagus structure and function

A

muscular tube that pushes food down the tube to stomach

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12
Q

stomach structure and function

A

several layers. Churns contents and breaks down food using stomach acid

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13
Q

gastric juice definition

A

made by glands in the stomach. Contains enzymes, hydrochloric acid and mucus used for nutrient absorption

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14
Q

small intestine structure and function

A

lined with tissue and muscles containing Villi which help absorption

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15
Q

Villi definition

A

small hair like projections inside the small intestine that help absorption. increase surface area of the small intestine

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16
Q

Name the 2 parts that the nervous system

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

Cerebrum definition

A

the largest part of the brain. Split into 4 lobes:
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital

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18
Q

different functions of the Cerebrum

A
  1. The frontal lobe is responsible for reasoning and thought
  2. The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for integrating sensory information
  3. The temporal lobe is primarily responsible for processing auditory information from the ears
  4. occipital is responsible for visual perception
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19
Q

Cerebellum location and function

A

Location: back of the head below the cerebrum and above the brain stem
function: co-ordinating movement and balance

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20
Q

Diencephalon location and function

A

between the cerebrum in the midbrain contains 2 structures. Function:
1. The thalamus directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum. like a relay station
2. The hypothalamus controls and regulates autonomic nervous system functions like temp, appetite, water balance and sleep

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21
Q

Midbrain location and function

A

located below the cerebrum at the top of the brain stem
function: responsible for certain eye and auditory reflexes

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22
Q

the location and function of the Pons

A

located below the midbrain and in the brain stem. Controls certain reflex actions such as chewing, tasting and saliva production

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23
Q

medulla oblongata function and structure

A

bottom of the head. Heartbeat and breathing

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24
Q

define monogastric

25
define a modified monogastric system
work the same as monogastric except the cecum does fermentation
26
define coprophagy
process of animals redigesting their own faeces mainly seen in rabbits, rats, mice
27
Hindgut stomachs definition
Simple undivided stomachs with larger caecum, and colon microbes and fermentation. Produces volatile fatty acid
28
Define ruminants
even toes ungulates that chew cud then regurgitate them from the rumen (partly digest it then chew again). they have 4 chambers of the stomach.
29
define ungulates
hoofed animals
30
give examples of ruminants
cattle are ruminants e.g. cows, sheep, deer any hooved animals
31
Define Rumen
the largest part of ruminants' digestive system. lined with papillae to increase absorption and the site of fermentation. mainly bacteria, but also protozoa
32
Define reticulum
Sorts food in ruminants' digestive system. Indigested food is sent back to be chewed again.
33
Omasum definition
site of water absorption in ruminants' digestion.
34
Abomasum definition
produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes such as pepsin to break down protein
35
Give the function of the colon in a modified monogastric system
breaks down roughage with digestive bacteria. Allows digestion of high-fibre feeds
36
state the difference of the small intestine in a carnivore's digestive system
small intestine cannot break down carbohydrates
37
State the difference of the large intestine in a carnivore's digestive system
large intestine is very short and its one job is to absorb salt and water and allow stool to form.
38
Bill/beak structure and function
Bird's primary mouth-like organ is made to feed and crush, tear or hold feed before swallowing. . The upper beak (maxilla) is covered by hard keratin. Birds have no teeth but margins of the beak are often hard might have ridges to help grasping feed
39
What is the oviduct in birds and what is it split into?
The oviduct is a long twisted tube that is divided into 5 sections - Infundibulum - magnum - isthmus - shell gland - vagina
40
Name the structure and function of the infundibulum
First part of the oviduct. it also extends over the ovary. Its role is to catch and channel the yolk/ovum, contracting close to the ovary's surface during ovulation to move the yolk. Sight of fertilisation.
41
Magnum structure and function
the largest part of the oviduct. Yolk stays here of up to 3 hours for the white to form
42
name the structure and function of the Isthmus
the third section is narrow and constricted. Forms a shell membrane and the developing egg remains for about 75 minutes
43
Shell gland structure and function
four to five inches long. Egg will spend 20 hours or more using calcium for the eggshell
44
Bird vagina structure and function
The last part of oviduct, made of muscle, helps to push the egg out
45
Define oviparous and give an example of one
Animals that produce a fertilised egg outside the body for example birds and reptiles
46
Ovoviviparous definition and an example of one
Animals that produce eggs that hatch inside the body for example sharks and some snakes
47
Viviparous definition and example
Give birth to live young. for example most mammals
48
Monotremes definition and examples
Mammals that lay eggs for example platypus and echidnas.
49
Define marsupials and give an example of one
Born life but further develop in a pouch for example kangaroos, wallabies, koalas
50
ovaries definition
produces eggs and hormones e.g. oestrogen and progesterone
51
Oviduct/ fallopian tube definition
Site of fertilization and move the egg down the uterus
52
Uterus definition
fertilised egg attaches for growth and development
53
Define cervix
opens to allow sperm in and shed the uterine lining. closes to prevent infection and keep offspring in place
54
Define vagina
Site of entry for penis during copulation
55
What is FSH?
A hormone released by the pituitary gland. Causes the ripening of primary follicles into Graafian follicles
56
What is Oestrogen?
Released by the Graafian follicle of the ovary. It prepares the uterus for mating. Stimulates the secretion of LH
57
What is LH?
Released from the pituitary gland. causes ripe Graafian follicles to rupture and ovulation to occur.
58
What is progesterone?
released by the corpus luteum of the ovary. Causes mammary glands to enlarge and maintains pregnancy

college revision (7 decks)

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