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PSY290 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system consists of (2)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spine
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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of…

A

… division that is not the brain or spine

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system… (3)

A

Interacts with external environment

  1. Afferent nerves
  2. Efferent nerves
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4
Q

Afferent nerves move signals from

A

Peripheral to central

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5
Q

Efferent nerves move signals from…

A

Central to peripheral

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates body ‘s internal environment

  1. Sympathetic nerves
  2. Parasympathetic nerves
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7
Q

Sympathetic nerves extend from…

A

lumbar and thoracic portions of spine

close to second stage neurons

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8
Q

Parasympathetic nerves extend from…

A

brain and sacral portion of spine

far from second stage neurons

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9
Q

Arousal and relaxation

A

Arousal: sympathetic

Relaxation: parasympathetic

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10
Q

Cranial nerves (2)

A

project from the brain rather than the spine

12 sets of cranial nerves

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11
Q

Three meniges

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid membrane
  3. Subarachnoid space (not a menige)
  4. Pia mater
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12
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (2)

A
  1. Fills subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord, cerebral ventricles of brain
  2. Cushions and supports brain
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13
Q

Central canal

A

channel which spans the entire spinal column

butterfly shaped cross-section

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14
Q

Cerebral ventricles (4)

A

Two lateral, a third, a fourth

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15
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Dural sinuses

A

absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

a.k.a. “water head”

blockage of flow of CSF in brain, causing buildup of fluid and expansion of brain size

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18
Q

Blood vessels in the brain are…

A

tightly packed and influence passage of molecules (e.g. drugs)

some can permeate easily e.g. glucose

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19
Q

Neurons are… (3)

A

… cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

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20
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

more than 2 processes

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21
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

two processes

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22
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

one process

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23
Q

Interneurons (2)

A

Neurons with short axon or no axon

Integrates neural activity within brain

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24
Q

Neural structures

A

CNS: nuclei and tracts

PNS: ganglia and nerves

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25
Golgi stain
Camillo Golgi - 1870's potassium dichromate and silver nitrate -\> silver chromate
26
Nissl stain
Franz Nissl - 1880's cresyl violet used to estimate number of cell bodies
27
Electron microscopy
Electron micrograph - great detail Scanning electron microscope - 3D structure
28
Neuroanatomical tracing techniques
Anterograde * Trace paths of axons going away from cell body * Transmission of chemical to terminal buttons Retrograde * Trace paths of axons going toward cell body * Chemical re-uptaken by terminal buttons
29
Anterior
nose end (rostral)
30
Posterior
tail end (caudal)
31
Dorsal
back
32
Ventral
tummy
33
Medial
toward center of body
34
Lateral
toward outside of body
35
Terms to refer to top and bottom of primate head
superior & inferior (top and bottom)
36
Proximal
closer to
37
Distal
further from
38
Brain slicing
1. Horizonal 2. Frontal/coronal 3. Sagittal 4. Midsagittal 5. Cross section ![]()
39
Spinal cord sections (2)
* Grey matter * White matter
40
Grey matter
inner section composed of mostly cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
41
White matter
outer area consisting of mostly large myelinated axons
42
Dorsal horns
two dorsal arms of grey matter
43
Spinal nerves
31 left and right pairs
44
Dorsal root
afferent unipolar neurons
45
Ventral root
efferent multipolar neurons
46
Early brain development (4)
1. fluid filled tube 2. three swellings at anterior end of tube 3. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain 4. before birth, three swellings turn into five forebrain and hindbrain both split into 2
47
Developing brain swellings (7)
* telencephalon * diencephalon * mesencephalon * metencephalon, * myelencephalon * spinal cord last 4 = brain stem
48
Myelencephalon
* medulla * most posterior
49
Metencephalon
pons and cerebellum dorsal surface of brain stem
50
Mesencephalon
tectum (roof) * dorsal surface of midbrain * inferior colliculi - auditory function * superior colliculi - visual function tegmentum * ventral to tectum * periapequdal gray * grey matter around cerebral aquaduct * mediates effects of opiates * substantia nigra and red nucleus * sensorimotor system
51
Diencephalon
Thalamus * two lobes joined by massa **intermedia** * white **lamina** visible at surface * sensory relay nuclei Hypothalamus * below anterior thalamus * control pituitary gland * optic chiasm * X shaped due to decussate (crossing of nerves) * mammillary bones
52
Contralateral vs ipsilateral
contra: from one side of the body to the other ipsi: same side of body
53
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex * composed of grey matter * underaying layer is white matter * deeply convoluted (furrowed) in humans * two hemispheres separated by **longitudinal fissure** * tracts connect the hemispheres * cerebral commissures * corpus callosum * central and lateral fissues divide each hemisphere into 4 * Frontal, partietal, temporal, occipital
54
Fissures
large furrow
55
Sulci (sulcus)
small furrows
56
Gyri (gyrus)
ridges
57
Occipital lobes
analyzes visual input
58
Parietal lobes
postcentral gyrus - sensations like touch spatial analysis
59
Temporal lobes
* superior temporal gyrus – hearing and language * inferior temporal cortex – identifies complex visual patterns * medial portion of temporal cortex – memory
60
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex - motor function Frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex - cognition
61
Neocortex
6 layers pyramidral and stellate cells hippocamus - seahorse shape, used for memory
62
Limbic system
circles thalamus fleeing, feeding, fighting, fucking mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum
63
Amygdala
almond shaped, emotions
64
Cingulate cortex
encircles dorsal thalamus
65
Fornix
encircles dorsal thalamus
66
Septum
completes limbic ring
67
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin glia in CNS
68
Schwann cells
Myelin glia in PNS
69

PSY290 (4 decks)

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