Anatomy Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is the significance of the cell nucleus?
A
The cell nucleus contains genetic material and controls cellular activities including gene expression and replication.
2
Q
What distinguishes a parasagittal plane from a midsagittal plane?
A
A parasagittal plane separates the body into unequal right and left sides, missing the midline.
3
Q
What is the difference between visceral and parietal layers of serous membranes?
A
The visceral layer covers the organs, while the parietal layer lines the walls of the cavities.
4
Q
What is the purpose of the diaphragm in the body?
A
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity and plays a crucial role in respiration.
5
Q
What is physiology?
A
Physiology is the study of function in living organisms, interrelated with anatomy.
6
Q
What is a receptor in homeostatic regulation?
A
A receptor is a sensor that detects changes or stimuli in the internal or external environment.
7
Q
What is the significance of the peritoneal cavity?
A
The peritoneal cavity houses abdominal organs and is lined by peritoneum, which reduces friction and allows organ movement.
8
Q
What is the definition of anatomical landmarks?
A
Anatomical landmarks are specific structures on the body used to describe locations and orientations of other structures.
9
Q
What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?
A
The transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions, often referred to as a cross section.
10
Q
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
A
The cardiovascular system transports cells, nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the body.
11
Q
What is the anatomical term for the head?
A
The anatomical term for the head is ‘cephalon’.
12
Q
What does ‘distal’ mean in anatomical terms?
A
Distal refers to a position farther away from the point of attachment or trunk.
13
Q
What is the function of the reproductive system?
A
The reproductive system produces sex cells and hormones, and supports embryonic development in females.
14
Q
What is the definition of anatomy?
A
Anatomy is the study of the relationships between body parts, their internal and external structures, and general form.
15
Q
What are the two major body cavities of the trunk?
A
The two major body cavities of the trunk are the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
16
Q
What are the two main divisions of anatomy?
A
Anatomy is divided into gross anatomy (macroscopic) and microscopic anatomy.
17
Q
What is the anatomical term for the back?
A
The anatomical term for the back is ‘dorsal’.
18
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment necessary for survival.
19
Q
What is the role of the pericardial cavity?
A
The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart and contains pericardial fluid that reduces friction during heart movement.
20
Q
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
A
Anatomy studies the structure of body parts, while physiology focuses on their functions.
21
Q
What does the term ‘proximal’ refer to in anatomy?
A
Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
22
Q
What is the definition of the transverse (horizontal) plane?
A
The transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
23
Q
Why is positive feedback suitable for blood clotting?
A
Positive feedback is suitable for blood clotting because it requires rapid completion to prevent excessive blood loss.
24
Q
What is the role of chemicals released during blood vessel damage?
A
Chemicals released during blood vessel damage initiate blood clotting and promote a series of reactions that lead to clot formation.
25
What is the definition of the midsagittal plane?
The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves by passing through the midline.
26
What is the purpose of serous membranes?
Serous membranes line internal cavities, reduce friction, and moisten opposing surfaces.
27
What defines gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is the study of structures that can be seen without magnification.
28
What is the difference between the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
The thoracic cavity houses the heart and lungs, while the abdominopelvic cavity contains digestive and reproductive organs.
29
What are the components involved in homeostatic regulation?
Homeostatic regulation involves receptors, a control center, and effectors that work together to respond to changes.
30
What is the anatomical term for the foot?
The anatomical term for the foot is pedal.
31
What is positive feedback in physiological processes?
Positive feedback is a mechanism where a response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, leading to an escalating cycle.
32
What is the anatomical position?
The anatomical position is standing upright with hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.
33
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
The digestive system processes food and absorbs nutrients essential for the body's functioning.
34
What is the role of the pleural cavities?
The pleural cavities house the lungs, each lined with pleura to reduce friction during respiratory movements.
35
What is an example of positive feedback in the body?
An example of positive feedback is the blood clotting process, where each step accelerates the clotting cascade.
36
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system defends against infection and disease and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
37
What is the function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system delivers air to the lungs for gas exchange and facilitates communication through sound.
38
What is an effector in homeostatic regulation?
An effector is a structure that receives commands from the control center and produces responses to restore homeostasis.
39
What is the role of the effector in homeostatic regulation?
The effector carries out responses to restore balance as directed by the control center.
40
What are the components of homeostatic regulation?
Homeostatic regulation involves a receptor, a control center, and an effector.
41
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
The 11 organ systems are integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
42
What is the difference between anterior and posterior?
Anterior refers to the front surface, while posterior refers to the back surface of the body.
43
What is the outcome of the positive feedback loop in blood clotting?
The outcome of the positive feedback loop in blood clotting is the formation of a clot that patches the vessel wall and stops bleeding.
44
What does 'proximal' mean in anatomical terms?
Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment to the body or closer to the trunk.
45
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the state of internal balance or stable internal environment that must be maintained for survival.
46
What is the function of the pleural cavities?
The pleural cavities each contain a lung and are lined by pleura, which facilitates lung movement during respiration.
47
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
Homeostasis is maintained through interdependent organ systems that adjust physiological processes to preserve stability.
48
What are true body cavities?
True body cavities are closed, fluid-filled spaces that allow organs to change shape, protect internal organs, and are lined by serous membranes.
49
What is the anatomical term for the chest region?
The anatomical term for the chest region is thoracic.
50
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system defends against infection and disease while returning tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
51
What initiates the process of blood clotting?
Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the blood clotting process.
52
What characterizes the positive feedback loop in blood clotting?
In blood clotting, each step releases more chemicals that further accelerate the clotting process, resulting in rapid clot formation.
53
What is a positive feedback loop in blood clotting?
A positive feedback loop in blood clotting is a process where each step releases more chemicals, accelerating the clotting process.
54
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
The nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli and interprets sensory information.
55
What is the anatomical term for the front surface of the body?
The anatomical term for the front surface is 'anterior' or 'ventral'.
56
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
The abdominopelvic cavity extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and is subdivided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
57
What is an example of positive feedback in the body?
An example of positive feedback is the process of blood clotting, where each step accelerates the clotting process.
58
What is the significance of mitosis?
Mitosis is crucial for cell division, allowing growth and repair of tissues.
59
What is the significance of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system defends against infection and disease and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
60
What is the difference between proximal and distal?
Proximal refers to being closer to an attached base, while distal refers to being farther from it.
61
What is the purpose of serous membranes?
Serous membranes line body cavities and reduce friction between internal organs.
62
What is the role of serous membranes?
Serous membranes line body cavities and cover organs to reduce friction and allow for movement.
63
What is the function of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system provides support, protects internal organs, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
64
What is the function of the reproductive system?
The reproductive system produces sex cells and hormones, and supports embryonic development in females.
65
What is an example of negative feedback in thermoregulation?
In thermoregulation, if body temperature rises, mechanisms such as sweating and vasodilation are triggered to cool the body.
66
What is the role of positive feedback in the body?
Positive feedback amplifies changes and is used in processes like blood clotting and childbirth.
67
What is the significance of the peritoneum?
The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.
68
What is the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining physiological processes?
Feedback mechanisms regulate physiological processes by adjusting responses to changes in the internal environment.
69
How do serous membranes reduce friction?
Serous membranes secrete a watery fluid that lubricates the surfaces of organs and reduces friction during movement.
70
What distinguishes the endocrine system?
The endocrine system directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems through hormone secretion.
71
What is the function of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems through hormone secretion.
72
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is a state of internal balance that must be maintained for survival.
73
What is the function of the urinary system?
The urinary system eliminates waste products from the blood and regulates water balance.
74
What is the difference between visceral and parietal layers of serous membranes?
The visceral layer covers the organs, while the parietal layer lines the walls of the body cavities.
75
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
The digestive system processes food and absorbs nutrients necessary for the body.
76
What role do chemicals play in blood clotting?
Chemicals released from damaged cells trigger chain reactions that lead to the formation of a blood clot.
77
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Positive feedback amplifies a response to a stimulus, while negative feedback counteracts changes to maintain homeostasis.
78
What is microscopic anatomy?
Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that require magnification, including histology and cytology.
79
What is the primary role of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system provides support, protects organs, stores minerals, and facilitates blood cell formation.
80
What is negative feedback in homeostasis?
Negative feedback is a process that counteracts changes from normal ranges to maintain homeostasis.
81
What is the function of the integumentary system?
The integumentary system protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature, and provides sensory information.
82
What is the role of the nervous system?
The nervous system coordinates immediate responses to stimuli and provides sensory information to the body.
83
What is the difference between positive feedback and negative feedback?
Positive feedback amplifies a response to a stimulus, while negative feedback counteracts a change to maintain homeostasis.
84
What is the effect of disease on organ system functions?
Disease can disrupt normal physiological processes, leading to impaired function of organ systems.
85
What is systemic physiology?
Systemic physiology studies the functions of specific organ systems.
86
What is the role of negative feedback in homeostasis?
Negative feedback mechanisms counteract deviations from a set point to return the body to homeostasis.
87
How does the muscular system contribute to body function?
The muscular system enables movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.
88
What happens during positive feedback?
In positive feedback, the response enhances the original stimulus, leading to an escalating cycle until a specific event occurs.
89
What happens during the blood clotting process?
During blood clotting, chemicals trigger a series of reactions involving cells and proteins that form a clot.
90
What is the definition of the frontal (coronal) plane?
The frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
91
What is the role of the pericardial cavity?
The pericardial cavity contains the heart and is lined by the pericardium, which reduces friction as the heart beats.
92
What is the anatomical position?
The anatomical position is a standard position where the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
93
What is the significance of the chemicals released during blood vessel damage?
The chemicals released during blood vessel damage initiate a cascade that promotes rapid clot formation.
94
What are the components of homeostatic regulation?
Homeostatic regulation involves a receptor, control center, and effector that respond to changes in the internal environment.
95
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
96
What are the two major regions of body cavities in the trunk?
The two major regions are the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
97
Why is positive feedback useful in blood clotting?
Positive feedback is useful in blood clotting because it ensures rapid and efficient closure of wounds to prevent excessive bleeding.
98
What is a key example of a positive feedback mechanism in the body?
Blood clotting is a key example of a positive feedback mechanism, where the response intensifies until a specific outcome is achieved.
99
What does the urinary system do?
The urinary system eliminates waste products from the blood and controls water balance.
100
What is the function of the control center in homeostatic regulation?
The control center processes information from receptors and determines the appropriate response.
101
What is the significance of anatomical directions?
Anatomical directions provide a standard reference for describing the locations of body structures.
102
What is the significance of cellular diffusion?
Cellular diffusion is the process by which substances move across the plasma membrane, playing a key role in nutrient absorption and waste removal.
103
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system transports cells, nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
104
What initiates the blood clotting process?
The blood clotting process is initiated by the release of chemicals from damaged cells in the blood vessel wall.
105
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
The frontal or coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
106
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.
107
What is the thoracic cavity?
The thoracic cavity contains three internal chambers: one pericardial cavity for the heart and two pleural cavities for the lungs.
108
What is the midsagittal plane?
The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves by passing through the midline.
109
What are the major body cavities of the trunk?
The major body cavities of the trunk are the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
110
What is the purpose of anatomical terms?
Anatomical terms provide a standardized language for describing body regions, directions, and structures.
111
What are the three primary sectional planes of the body?
The three primary sectional planes are the frontal (coronal) plane, sagittal plane, and transverse plane.
112
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system delivers air to sites in the lungs for gas exchange and produces sound for communication.
113
What role does the control center play in homeostatic regulation?
The control center processes information received from receptors and sends commands to effectors to maintain homeostasis.
114
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
The 11 organ systems are Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive.
115
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
116
What does the urinary system do?
The urinary system eliminates waste products from the blood and regulates water balance.
117
What is gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is the study of structures visible without magnification, including systemic, surface, and regional anatomy.
118
What processes are involved in carrier-mediated transport?
Carrier-mediated transport involves specific proteins that facilitate the movement of substances across the plasma membrane.
119
What does the term 'distal' refer to in anatomy?
Distal refers to a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
120
How do chemicals contribute to blood clot formation?
Chemicals released from damaged cells trigger chain reactions involving cells, cell fragments, and dissolved proteins to form a clot.
121
What is the definition of the parasagittal plane?
The parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left sides, missing the midline.
122
What is positive feedback in homeostasis?
Positive feedback is a process that amplifies changes to drive a process to completion, such as during childbirth.
123
What is the significance of the peritoneal cavity?
The peritoneal cavity houses abdominal organs and allows for their movement while being lined by the peritoneum.
124
What is the anatomical term for the neck region?
The anatomical term for the neck region is cervical.
125
What is histology?
Histology is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.
126
What is thermoregulation?
Thermoregulation is the homeostatic regulation of body temperature through responses that either increase or decrease heat loss.
127
What is the role of the control center in homeostatic regulation?
The control center processes information from receptors and sends commands to effectors to maintain homeostasis.
128
What is the anatomical position?
The anatomical position is a standard reference position where the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
129
What is the significance of anatomical directions?
Anatomical directions provide orientation of structures relative to the anatomical position, aiding in precise communication.
130
What is the significance of the thoracic cavity?
The thoracic cavity houses the heart and lungs, separated by the diaphragm and lined with serous membranes.
131
What is the definition of retroperitoneal organs?
Retroperitoneal organs are those located between the peritoneal lining and the abdominal wall, such as the kidneys.
132
What is the function of the abdominal cavity?
The abdominal cavity contains organs of digestion and is lined by the peritoneum, allowing for organ movement.
133
What does the term 'anatomical position' refer to?
Anatomical position describes a body stance with hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.
