Anatomy Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 types of anatomy?
A
- Gross
- Histology
2
Q
What is the functional approach to anatomy based on?
A
Functional systems, e.g. respiratory
system, nervous system
3
Q
What is the regional approach to anatomy?
A
- Anatomy of specific regions inc. all structures
- How you use anatomy in practice
4
Q
What are anatomical planes
A
Imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections for describing locations and movement.
5
Q
Median plane
A
Goes down the body and divides it into symmetrical left and right halves
- Only one median plane
6
Q
Transverse plane
A
At 90 degrees to the median plane
- Commonly done of limbs
- Could theoretically have an infinite number
7
Q
Sagittal plane
A
- Not in the midline
- Parallel to the median plane
8
Q
Dorsal plane
A
- Parallel to the ground
- Uncommon, but may be used for the skull
9
Q
Cranial
A
Towards the head
10
Q
Caudal
A
Towards the tail
11
Q
Dorsal
A
Towards the back
12
Q
Ventral
A
Towards the stomach/ground
13
Q
Rostral
A
Towards the nose
- Further forward on the head
14
Q
Distal
A
Away from the body
- Generally applied to limbs and tail
15
Q
Proximal
A
Towards the body
- Generally applied to limbs and tail
16
Q
Cranial surface of the limb
A
Front of limb
17
Q
Caudal surface of the limb
A
Back of limb
18
Q
Dorsal surface of the limb
A
Lower part of keg
19
Q
Palmar
A
Underside of the forefoot
20
Q
Plantar
A
Underside of the foot
21
Q
Medial
A
On the inside
- Inside of the limb
- Faces the median plane
22
Q
Lateral
A
On the outside
- Facing away from the median plane
23
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Structures on the same side of the body
24
Q
Contralateral
A
Structures on different sides of the body
25
Axial
Side of the toe facing the inside
26
Abaxial
Side of the toe facing outside
27
Superficial
Towards the surface of the body (usually the skin)
28
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
29
Visceral
Refers to the organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
30
What does parietal mean
Associated with the body wall
31
Supra
Above
32
Infra
Below
33
Flexion/Extension
Decrease/increase in angle of joint
34
Protraction/Retraction
Protraction = body part slides forward
Retraction = body part slides backward
35
Pronation/Supination
Palm down/up
Supinate -- Bowl of soup
36
Abduction/Adduction
Movement away/towards median plane
- Abduct - take away
37
What are the two functions of where bones meet?
1. To allow for movement
2. To be stable
38
What is a joint?
Where two bones meet
39
What is the role of muscles
To move the bones around a joint
40
What is the skeleton?
A framework of hard structures which protect and support the body
41
What is the skeleton made up of? (2)
1. Bones
2. Cartilage
42
What are articulate cartilage?
Smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they join together to form joints
43
What is the role of articulate cartilage?
To sit between bones to stop them rubbing directly on each other
44
The skeleton can be divided into the ______ skeleton and the ____ _______ skeleton
Cranial; post cranial
45
What does the "cranial" skeleton consist of?
The skull and mandibles
46
What is the mandible
The lower jaw
47
What does the "axial" skeleton consist of?
The vertebral column and the ribs and sternum
48
The post cranial skeleton can be divided into the ____ skeleton and the ________ skeleton
Axial; appendicular
49
What does the "appendicular" skeleton consist of?
Forelimbs and hindlimbs including girdles
50
What are the 5 parts of the vertebral column
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Caudal
51
How many cervical vertebra do mammals have?
7
52
Where are cervical vertebra located?
Skull to scapula
53
What are thoracic vertebra by definition
Vertebra of the thorax
54
What do the thoracic vertebra articulate with?
The ribs
55
Where abouts are the lumbar vertebra?
From the last rib to the pelvis
56
What do the sacral vertebra form
Fused to form the sacrum
57
What do the sacral vertebra articulate with?
The pelvis
58
What do the caudal vertebra form?
The tail
59
What is another name for the caudal vertebra?
Coccygeal vertebra
60
What are the features of a typical vertebra?
1. Vertebral foramen
2.
61
What does foramen mean
Hole
62
What is the hole in a typical vertebra called
Vertebral foramen
63
What do all the vertebral foramen form when lined up?
The spinal canal
64
What goes in the spinal canal
The spinal cord
65
What structure is located ventral to the vertebral forman
Centrum of the vertebra (body) and processes
66
What structure sticks out dorsally from the vertebral foramen on a typical vertebra?
Spinous process
67
What structure sticks out to the side of the vertebral foramen on a typical vertebra?
Transverse processes
68
What forms the vertebral foramen dorsally and laterally?
Vertebral arch
69
What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?
Lamina and pedicel
70
Where is the lamina
Dorsal part of the vertebral arch
71
Where is the pedicel
The wall of the vertebral arch on either side
72
What are articular processes on vertebra
Where vertebra line up/connect with one another
73
Which group of vertebra have extra foramen?
Cervical
74
Which vertebra allows for the most amount of movement?
Cervical
75
As you move from cranial to caudal, what happens in terms of degree of movement in vertebra
It becomes less and less
76
Are the atlas and axis vertebra?
Yes
77
What are cervical vertebra 1 and 2?
The atlas and axis
78
What is the role of the atlas?
To hold up the head and allow for "nodding"
79
What are the parts of the atlas?
1. Wing
2. Alar notch
3. Transverse foramen
4. Articular processes
80
What do the articular processes of the atlas articulate with?
The occipital condyle
81
What is the first cervical vertebra called?
Atlas
82
What is the second cervical vertebra called?
Axis
83
What are the parts of the axis?
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse foramen
3. Transverse process
4. Dens
84
What is the role of the axis? (2)
1. Articulates with the atlas
2. Provides ability to rotate by pivoting
85
What are two defining characteristics of thoracic vertebra?
1. Very tall/large spinous process
2. Articulate with the ribs
86
What are the articulations between thoracic vertebra and ribs called?
Costal fovea
87
What is the defining characteristic of lumbar vertebra?
Large transverse processes
88
What is the extra process on lumbar vertebra called?
Mammillary process
89
How much movement does the sacrum have?
None
90
What bone does the sacrum articulate with?
Os coxae
91
What are the foramen in the sacrum for?
To allow nerves to pass through
92
Why is it important that the sacral vertebra are fused together into the sacrum?
So that it is durable as it takes the most amount of force
93
What is the defining characteristic of caudal vertebra?
They are long and narrow
94
What is the role of hemal processes in caudal vertebra?
To protect blood vessels
95
What is the name of the structure running down the centre of the ribs?
Sternum
96
What are the 3 groups of ribs?
1. Sternal (true)
2. Asternal (false)
3. Floating
97
What are sternal ribs?
Ribs directly attached to the sternum
98
What are asternal ribs?
Ribs indirectly attached to the sternum via connecting to each other
99
What are floating ribs?
Ribs that are not connected to the sternum
100
How many ribs do dogs have
13 per side
101
What does the head of each rib attach to
2 thoracic vertebra
102
Which part of the rib attaches to the thoracic vertebra?
The head
103
What does the tubercle of each rib articulate to?
The transverse process of the thoracic vertebra
104
What part of each rib attaches to the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra?
The tubercle
105
What is the most cranial part of the sternum called?
The manubrium
106
What is the most caudal part of the sternum called?
Xiphoid cartilage
107
What is the name of the individual bones between the manubrium and xiphoid cartilage on the sternum?
Sternebra
108
What is the bottom part of the ribs called?
Costal cartilages
109
What is the junction between the costal cartilage and the bone of the rib called?
Costochondral junction
110
What type of limbs do all terrestrial vertebrates have?
Dentadactyl
111
What does pentadactyl mean
5 fingers
112
On terrestrial vertebrates, which is the first digit?
The most medial digit; "thumb is one"
113
What is the basic pattern to terrestrial vertebrate limbs? (7)
1. Humerus/femur
2. Radius + ulna/ Tibia + fibula
3. 2 rows of carpals/tarsals
4. Metacarpals/metatarsals
5. Proximal phalanges
6. Middle phalanges
7. Distal phalanges
114
The big toe/thumb on humans is equivalent to which digit on terrestrial vertebrates?
Digit 1
115
Why are horses fixed in pronation?
Their radius and ulna/ tibia + fibula are fused together
116
What are the "splint bones" of a horse?
The remnants of metacarpus and metatarsus 2 and 4
117
What is the human equivalent to what horses walk on?
The fingernail of one finger on each leg
118
What is the role of the spine in the scapula?
To increase surface area for muscle attachment
119
What does the head of the humerus articulate with?
The scapula
120
What are the large, bony prominences on the humerus for?
Muscle attachment
121
What does the distal humerus articulate with?
The ulna and radius to form the elbow joint
122
Is the radius or ulna longer?
Ulna
123
Why is the elbow joint called a "compound joint?"
There are more than 2 articular surfaces in the joint
124
What is the equivalent of the carpals in humans
The wrist
125
What are the proximal carpals?
1. Radial + Intermediate
2. Ulnar
3. Accessory
126
What can the carpals be split into?
Proximal and distal
127
How many metacarpals are there in dogs?
5 - one for each digit
128
What are the three sections of the phalanges?
Proximal, middle and distal
129
What is digit I of a dog called?
The dewclaw
130
What is the difference between the forelimb and hindlimb?
The pelvic limb is solidly joined to the vertebral column via the pelvic girdle
131
What is os coxae equivalent to
1/2 the pelvic girdle
132
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
2 Os Coxae (right and left)
133
What 3 bones is each Os Coxae made up of?
- Illium
- Ischium
- Pubis
134
What does the illium articulate with?
The sacrum
135
Where do the three bones of the Os Coxae meet?
At the acetabulum
136
What is the function of the acetabulum?
Socket for the hip joint
137
What bone "plugs into" the acetabulum?
The femur
138
What does the "plugging in" of the femur to the acetabulum form
The hip joint
139
What is the hole in each Os Coxae called?
The obturator foramen
140
Pubis and ischium come together at the midline and form the _____ ________
Pelvic symphysis
141
What type of bone is the patella?
Seasamoid
142
What are condyles?
Rounded articular surfaces
143
What does the distal end of the tibia and fibula articulate with
The tarsal bones
144
What can the tarpals be divided into?
1. Talus
2. Calcaneus
3. Centrale
145
How many distal carpals are there?
4
146
How many distal tarpals are there?
4
147
What is the equivalent term for the calcaneus bone?
Heel bone
148
How many digits does the hindlimb of a dog usually have?
4 - you can get a dewclaw but it usually has no bone
149
Where is the stifle?
The joint between the femur, tibia and fibula bones
150
What is the stifle?
Equivalent of human "knee"
- Joint between femur and tibia and fibula bones
151
The bones of the skull generally do not ______, most of them are joined together by stable joints called _______
Articulate; sutures
152
What two groups can the bones of the skull be divided into?
1. Cranial bones (neurocranium)
2. Facial bones
153
The cranial bones enclose the _____ and ___
Brain; ear
154
The facial bones are in the _____ and _____ cavities
Oral; nasal
155
What are the 2 moveable joints of the skull?
1. Temporo-mandibular joint
2. Tympano-hyoid joint
156
What is the biggset facial bone?
The maxilla
157
The maxilla houses most of the _____
teeth
158
Which bones make up the hard pallate?
- Palatine
- Maxilla
- Incisive
159
What are the incisive bones associated with?
The incisive teeth
160
The zygomatic bone is effectively your _____ bone
cheek
161
Where is the occipital bone
At the very back of the skull
162
What sits in the orbit?
The eyeball
163
What is different about the occipital bone?
It is not paired - no left and right, just a single bone
164
What does the occipital bone form from?
A cartilaginous skeleton that ossify
165
What does "magnum" mean?
"Big"
166
What goes through the foramen magnum?
The spinal cord
167
What is the big hole in the occipital bone called?
The foramen magnum
168
What are the articular surfaces on the occipital bone called?
The occipital condyles
169
What do the occipital condyles articulate with?
The atlas
170
What are the 2 holes in the sphenoid bone?
1. Optic canal
2. Orbital foramen
171
What is the orbital foramen for?
Nerves to eye muscles
172
What is the optic canal for?
The optic nerve to the retina
173
What are the spaces inside the frontal bone called?
Sinuses
174
What lives inside the cranial cavity?
The brain
175
What are the bony "crease" structures running from the frontal to parietal bone called?
The temporal line
176
Which structure comes between the parietal bones?
Sagittal crest of the occipital bone
177
Why is the temporal bone complex?
It houses both the outer and middle ear
178
What are the 3 parts of the temporal bone?
1. Squamous temporal
2. Tympanic temporal
3. Petrosal temporal
179
What does "squamous" mean?
Flat
180
What structure does the squamous temporal bone extend to?
The zygomatic arch
181
What are the bones of the middle ear?
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes
182
What does the petrosal temporal bone surround?
The inner ear
183
Which bone/bones house the incisor teeth?
Incisive **and** mandible
184
What is the human equivalent of where the left and right mandible join together?
The chin
185
What is the joint between the left and right mandible called?
A symphysis
186
What are symphyses made of?
Connective tissue and cartilage
187
Which animal is famously able to stretch its mandible symphysis out?
Snakes
188
When is it useful to stretch the pelvic symphysis?
Childbirth
189
What does the angular process of the mandible articulate with?
The base of the skull to form the tempero-mandibular joint
190
What are the 3 mental foramen?
1. Rostral
2. Middle
3. Caudal
