Anatomy Flashcards by Claire Taylor

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

Inferior border of trees major

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What is the origin of the axillary artery?

Continuation of the the subclavian artery, begins at the lateral border of the first rib

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What are the anatomical relations of the first part of the axillary artery?

All parts are in relation to the pec minor. Part 1 is prox to pec minor. Anterior: clavipectoral fascia, pec major. Posterior: first intercostal space, serratus anterior, medial cord of the brachial plexus. Laterally: lateral and posterior cords of brachial plexus. Medially: axillary vein

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What are the anatomical relations of the 2nd part of the axillary artery?

DEEP to pec minor: cords of the brachial plexus, subscapularis posterior, axillary vein medial

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What are the anatomical relations of the 3rd part of the axillary artery?

Distal to pec minor, anterior: pec major, posterior: subscapularis, lat Dorsi and teres major tendons, laterally: median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, coracobrachialis, medially: ulnar nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, axillary vein

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What are the branches of the axillary artery? Screw the lawyer, save a patient

1st has one, 2nd two and 3rd three
1. Superior thoracic artery’
2. Thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery
3. Subscapularis artery, anterior humeral circumflex artery, posterior humeral circumflex artery

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How many centres of ossification does the scapula have?

7 or more: 1 primary and 6 secondary

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What is the primary ossification centre of the scapula?

Body of scapula, the spine and the inferior glenoid. Appears around 8th week of embryonic life

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What are the secondary ossification centres of the scapula?

2 for the coracoid- appear around 1-2 years of age
2-3 for the acromion- appear age 14-20
1 for the inferior angle- appear age 14-20
1 for the medial border- appears age 14-20
Can have one for inferior margin of glenoid

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Which nerve supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus?

Suprascapular nerve

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Are scapulothoracic forces independent of glenohumeral forces?

No- everything tends to move in harmony with clavicle as well. Therefore any defect in one will affect the whole

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What is attached to the coracoid process?

Pec minor, coracobrachialis, short head of biceps
Coracoclavicular ligaments- conoid and trapezoid
Coracoacromial ligament
Coracohumeral ligament
Superior transverse scapular ligament (partially at base)
Coracoglenoid ligament- variably present

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What is located medial to the coracoid process?

Suprascapular notch
Medial cord of the brachial plexus
Axillary artery and vein

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What is lateral to the coracoid process?

Glenoid cavity
Lateral cord of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous nerve

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What are the inferior relations of the coracoid process?

Subscapularis muscle belly
Glenohumeral joint

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What is the definition of a sesamoid bone?

An independent nodule of cartilage r bone embedded within a tendon where it passes over an angular structure such as a joint

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What is the function of a sesamoid bone?

To alter the angle of pull of a muscle (increase leverage)
To protect the tendon (smooth surface for gliding)
To distribute pressure

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Is the pisiform a sesamoid?

Yes- embedded in FCU tendon as it passes over wrist joint
Distinctive among carpal bones as it only articulates with one other carpal bone, the triquetrum

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What is the os trigonum?

Accessory bone posterior to talus, morphological the lateral tubercle of the talus. Can be embedded in FHL tendon but technically not a sesamoid bone

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What is the os tibiale externum?

Accessory navicular bone from failure of secondary ossification centre proximal and medial to navicular tuberosity to fuse. 3 Types of which Type1 is a sesamoid as it’s completely enveloped in the tib post tendon and acts as a sesamoid

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What is the origin of the obturator artery?

Most common from the anterior division of the obturator artery, but can be highly variable. Can also be from the posterior division, main stem, superior gluteal artery, common iliac, inferior epigastric, femoral artery

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What is the course of the obturator artery?

Emerges from obturator foramen with nerve, divides into medial and lateral branches that encircle the obturator externus and anastamose with the medial circumflex. Articular twig is from lateral

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What does the obturator artery supply within the pelvis?

Iliac branches supply iliacus muscle and bone
Vesical branch supplies the medial part of bladder
Pubic branch runs across pelvic bone and supplies is

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What does the obturator artery supply outside of the pelvis?

Obturator externus, adductor muscles, pettiness, gracilis, articular branch from lateral division (important in kids)

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What is the origin of the obturator nerve?

Lumbar plex, anterior divisions of L2-4. Forms in psoas and emerges from the medial border

What is the course of the obturator nerve?

Passes through obturator notch where it divides into anterior and posterior; anterior passes above obturator externus, posterior passes through the muscle giving a branch to supply as it does so

What is the course of the anterior division of the obturator nerve?

Gives articular branch to hip, descends behind adductor longus which it supplies. Passes over the anterior surface of adductor brevis which is supplies also supplies gracilis ends in subsartorial plexus. Supplies medial thigh skin

What is the course of the posterior division of the obturator nerve?

Descends vertically on adductor Magnus below other adductors. Supplies Magnus and gives off terminal branch that runs with fem art. through hiatus in muscle to the popliteal fossa and supplies capsule by passing with middle genicular

Where does the reflected head of Rectus femoris arise from?

A shallow concavity above the acetabulum

Where does the straight head of rectus femoris arise from?

Upper half of AIIS above the iliofemoral ligament

Which has a greater AP diameter; the medial or lateral femoral condyle?

Medial

Which anterior meniscal horn attaches more anteriorly- lateral or medial?

Medial

How much of the meniscus is innervated?

Outer 1/3. Particularly anterior and posterior horns

Is the medial meniscus wider posteriorly or anteriorly?

Posteriorly

Where does the anterior horn of the medial meniscus attach?

Tibial plateau in anterior intercondylar fossa in front of ACL

How do the posterior horns of menisci attach?

Posterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia in the following order: - Lateral horn - Medial horn - PCL

How many identifiable layers does the meniscus have?

Which facet of the patella is larger- medial or lateral?

Lateral facet

Is the transverse diameter of the patella greater than the vertical?

No, the vertical is greater

At what degree of flexion does the patella contact the femur?

20 degrees

Is the femoral nerve contained within the femoral sheath?

Is the femoral nerve within the adductor compartment in the upper thigh?

Which is the first bone in the foot to ossify?

The calcaneus

Where does the short plantar ligament attach?

Anterior tubercle of calcaneus

Which muscles are in the third layer of the foot?

FHB, Adductor hallucis, Flexor digiti minimi brevis

What’s the placement of an anteromedial ankle scope portal?

Just medial to tib ant tendon and lateral to medial mall. Structures to avoid: saphenous vein and accompanying saphenous nerve

What’s the best placement for an anterolateral ankle scope port?

Just lateral to the peroneus tertius tendon and medial to the lateral malleolus at the level of the ankle joint Structures to avoid: SPN- most at risk; peroneal artery, lesser saphenous vein

What’s the placement for an antero-central ankle scope portal?

Between EHL and EDL tendons at the joint line Structures at risk: Dorsalis pedis artery, DPN

What’s in the first layer of the foot?

Just deep to plantar aponeurosis: 1. Abductor hallucis 2. FDB 3. ADM

What is in the second layer of the foot?

1. Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae) 2. Lumbricals 3. Tendons of FDL and FHL

What is in the fourth layer of the foot?

Plantar and dorsal interossei Tendons of tin post and peroneus longus

What is the medial plantar nerve a branch of?

Tibial nerve

What does the medial plantar nerve supply?

LAFF- 1st lumbrical, Abductor Hallucis, FDB, FHB Medial 2/3s of sole of foot,m medial 3 and a half toes + nail beds of same

What are the superomedial borders of the popliteal fossa?

Semitendinosus (more superficial Semimembranosus (Deep)

What’s the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

Biceps femoris (long and short heads

What’s the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

Medial head of gastrocnemius

What’s the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

Lateral head of gastric, plantaris (deep to gastroc)

What is the floor of the popliteal fossa?

Posterior knee capsule, popliteus, posterior femur

What is the roof of the popliteal fossa?

Popliteal fascia, skin

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa? (Medial to lateral)

Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve, common peroneal

What is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?

Popliteal artery

What are the most superficial structures in the popliteal fossa?

Tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve and their branches

Where does popliteus insert?

1/2 to lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur 1/2 into posterior convexity of lateral meniscus

How does the popliteus tendon enter the knee capsule?

Via the arcuate popliteal ligament

Where does the arcuate ligament of the knee arise from?

Fibular head

What is the nerve supply of popliteus?

Branch of the tibial nerve from its anterior border

What is the action of popliteus?

To externally rotate the femur to ‘unlock’ from fully extended and to draw lateral meniscus posteriorly (pulls it out of way of flexing knee, hence why less prone to rupture than medial meniscus)

What is the nerve supply of the cruciates?

Tibial nerve

What’s the nerve supply to the knee

Posterior division of obturator nerve, sciatic nerve via tibial and CPN genicular branches, femoral nerve via branch to vastus medial is

What’s the nerve supply to EDB in the foot?

DPN

What is the origin of the sural nerve?

Formed by 2 smaller sensory nerves: medial sural cutaneous nerve from tibial nerve and lateral sural cutaneous nerve. These join in the distal 1/3 of the posterior calf

What is the origin of the sural nerve?

Formed by 2 smaller sensory nerves: medial sural cutaneous nerve from tibial nerve and lateral sural cutaneous nerve. These join in the distal 1/3 of the posterior calf

At the popliteal fossa, which is more lateral semitendinosus or semimembranosus?

Semimembranosus

What is the oblique popliteal ligament?

Distal reflected extension of semi-MEMBRANOSUS. Extends from medial condyle of tibia to lateral condyle of femur. Blends with part of the knee capsule. Prevents hyperextension of knee joint

Is the oblique popliteal ligament perforated by the middle genicular arteries?

Yes

What’s the primary medial stabiliser of the knee?

Superficial MCL

What’s the function of the popliteal-fibular ligament?

Resists posterior translation, varus rotation and ER

Are the patellar retinacular fibres deep or superficial to the patellofemoral ligament?

Superficial

What is the internervous plane in a direct anterior approach to the hip?

Superficial: between sartorius + rectus femoris (femoral nerve ant. Division) and TFL (superior gluteal nerve) Deep:

Anatomy Flashcards

(79 cards)