Anatomy Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
What are the biological functions of the larynx?
A
- Connects trachea and pharynx
- Valving – prevention of aspiration into the lower
respiratory passage - Thoracic fixation
- Sound production
2
Q
What is thoracic fixation?
A
- Build-up of abdominal pressure during physical exertion (e.g., lifting a heavy object)
- Build-up of pressure for airway clearing (coughing, sneezing)
- Intra-abdominal pressure for defecation, vomiting and birthing
3
Q
What is tidal volume?
A
Volume of air inhaled/exhaled in a single respiratory cycle (adult males and female: 0.5L at rest)
4
Q
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
A
Maximum volume of air inhaled beyond TV/quiet
breathing. (male 3.3L, female 1.9L)
5
Q
What is expiratory reserve volume?
A
Maximum volume of air exhaled beyond TV/passive exhalation (male 1.1L; female 0.7L)
6
Q
What is vital capacity?
A
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve (male 4.8L, female 3.1L)
7
Q
What is residual volume?
A
Volume of air in lungs at the end of maximum forced expiration (can never get rid of this air) (male 1.2L, female 1.1L)
8
Q
What is total lung capacity?
A
Measured by plethysmography (volume displacement testing; male 6.0L, female 4.2L)
9
Q
What are the breathing types?
A
- Clavicular
- Thoracic/Costal
- Abdominal
10
Q
What is considered the desirable breathing type?
A
Costo-abdominal
11
Q
What are the 9 laryngeal cartilages?
A
Unpaired cartilages:
– Epiglottis
– Thyroid
– Cricoid
Paired cartilages:
– Arytenoid
– Corniculate
– Cuneiform
12
Q
What are the features of cartilages?
A
- No blood supply
- Composed of live cells
- The perichondrium is a fibrous, dense connective tissue which surrounds the cartilage except for the articular surfaces
- Chondrocyte - cartilage’s tissue cells
13
Q
What are the 3 types of cartilages?
A
- Hyaline –> sturdy, ossifying cartilages, found in the respiratory tract; calcification starts at about 25 years of age
– Elastic –> less sturdy, non-ossifying
– Fibrous –> found in tendon attachments
14
Q
What is the role of the laryngeal cartilages?
A
- Provide laryngeal framework
- Support tissue
- Protect soft tissue
- Nearly as strong as steel
- Provide leverage to transmit muscle forces
15
Q
Label
A
- Hyoid bone
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid cartilage
- Thyroid notch
- Thyroid lamina
- Cricothyroid space
- Cricoid cartilage
- Tracheal ring
16
Q
Label
A
- Hyoid bone
- Epiglottis
- Superior Cornu of the Thyroid Cartilage
- Cuneiform cartilage
- Corniculate cartilage
- Thyroid cartilage
- Arytenoid cartilage
- Inferior Cornu of the Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Tracheal rings
17
Q
Label (anterior view)
A
- Cuneiform cartilage
- Corniculate cartilage
- Arytenoid cartilage
- vocal process
18
Q
Label
A
- Cricoarytenoid facets
- Cricothyroid joint
19
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Label
A
20
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Label
A
21
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Label
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22
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Label
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23
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Label
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24
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Label
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25
Label
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27
What is the hyoid bone?
- U shaped sesamoid bone (small round bone formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint; e.g. kneecap)
- The only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone
- Articulation with the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage
- 2 greater and 2 lesser horns
- Vertical height: at the level of the 3rd cervical vertebra in adults
28
What is the epiglottis?
- First level of the 3-tiered laryngeal protection mechanism with ventricular and vocal folds
- Base attached to the anterior rim of the
thyroid cartilage
- Composed of elastic, non-ossifying cartilage to keep its pliability throughout the life span
29
What is the thyroid cartilage?
- Saddle-shaped structure
- Open at the back
- Two inferior and two superior horns
- Composed of hyaline (ossifying) cartliage
- Largest cartilage of the larynx
- Protects the airway like a “thyrus-shield”
- Anterior midline prominence (notch) and two lateral laminae
**Varying pointiness:**
– Newborn: 130°
– Adult female: 110°
– Adult male: 90° (Adam’s apple)
30
Label
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Label
32
What is the cricoid cartilage?
- Hyaline (ossifying) cartilage
- Signet-ring shaped
- 2 sets of paired facets (flat surfaces) for articulation with the arytenoids and the thyroid
- Both the cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid joints are lined with a synovial membrane
- Synovia: viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths
33
What are the movement directions of the cricoarytenoid joint?
- Anterior-posterior
- Lateral
34
What are the arytenoid cartilages?
- Pyramide-shaped hyaline cartilages
- Four surfaces: anterior, lateral, medial and base
- Anterior angle forms the vocal process
- Lateral angle forms muscular process
- Medial angle faces its arytenoid pair
- Base has the shape of a concave cylinder and forms the arytenoid portion of the cricoarytenoid joint
35
What are the corniculates of Santorini (corniculate cartilage)?
- Horn shaped
- Paired and small
- Synovial joint attachment to the superior tips of the arytenoids
- May fuse with arytenoids
- May be absent
- Support of posterior portion of aryepiglottic fold
36
What are the cuneiform cartilages of Wrisberg (cuneiform cartilage)?
- Submucosally in free margin of aryepiglottic folds
- Rod shaped
- Function: Reinforcement of the aryepiglottic fold
- Commonly absent
37
What is the conus elasticus?
- A soft membrane that extends between the arch of the cricoid, the vocal process of the arytenoid and the junction of the thyroid laminae.
- The free thickened upper border of this membrane is the vocal ligament - when covered with mucous membrane, this edge is know as the true vocal fold.
- NB: The conus elasticus is not actually cone shaped
38
What are the 3 laryngeal compartments?
- Laryngeal vestibule
- Laryngeal ventricle
- Inferior laryngeal ventricle
39
What are the 3 groups of laryngeal muscles?
- Suprahyoid muscles: raise the larynx
- Infrahyoid muscles: lower the larynx
- Intrinsic muscles: determine the intrinsic muscle configuration
40
Fill in the blank - Intrinsic muscles
41
Fill in the blank - Intrinsic muscles
42
Fill in the blank - Intrinsic muscles
43
Fill in the blank - Intrinsic muscles
44
What does the cricothyroid muscle do?
- Decreases the distance between cricoid and thyroid by bringing the cricoid up and/ or the thyroid down
- Lengthens the vocal fold and contributes to controlling pitch (especially in the higher frequencies)
- Pars recta and pars oblique
45
What does the thyroarytenoid muscle do?
- Lateral component: thyromuscularis
- Medial component: thyrovocalis (vocalis)
- On contraction, shortens the vocal fold length by drawing the arytenoids forward, and increases mass of the vocal fold edge
- Contributes directly to lowering fundamental frequency, increasing loudness and tightening glottic closure
46
What are the 5 layers of the vocal fold?
1. Epithelium: pliable, thin layer of squamous cells
2. Lamina propria
– Superficial layer (Reinke’s space)
– Intermediate layer
– Deep layer
3. Vocalis muscle
– The only active component, the vocalis muscle, forms the main body of the vocal fold and provides tonicity, stability and mass
47
T or F: All of the muscles are innervated by the
recurrent laryngeal nerve except the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
True
48
T or F: All muscles are paired, having a matched
left and right muscle.
False. All muscles are paired, having a matched
left and right muscle, EXCEPT the transverse
interarytenoid, which functions as a single
unit, bringing the arytenoid cartilages closer
together
49
T or F: All of the intrinsic muscles serve as
adductors (bringing the vocal folds closer)
except the posterior cricoarytenoid, the sole
abductor (vocal fold opener)
True
50
What are the 3 components of the mucosal wave?
- Horizontal (medial to lateral movements)
- Longitudinal (anterior-posterior ‘zipperlike’ wave)
- Vertical (inferior to superior movement)
51
What are the layers within the lamina propria?
Lamina propria
– **Superficial layer** (Reinke’s space): soft, slippery, gelatinous mass, strong vibration during phonation
– **Intermediate layer**: elastic fibers, which have more mass but still contribute to vibration
– **Deep layer**: collagen fiber
-The intermediate and the deep layer are also
known as the ‘vocal ligament’
- The vocal ligament is not present in the newborn
but develops between one and four years of age
52
What does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle do?
Rocks the arytenoids anteriorly and slides them laterally, thereby bringing the vocal processes medially and adducting the vocal folds
53
What does the interarytenoid muscle do?
- Transverse interarytenoid: the only unpaired laryngeal muscle, runs between the arytenoids
- Oblique interarytenoid: X-shaped paired muscles
- Shortens the interarytenoid distance and contributes to forceful closure of the posterior glottis
54
What does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do?
- Sole vocal fold abductor
- Rocks the arytenoids posteriorly and redirects the vocal processes laterally, thereby separating the vocal folds
- Important for respiration and quick unvoiced opening gestures during unvoiced sound productions
55
What is the body-cover theory (of vocal fold vibration)?
Three vibratory divisions:
– **Cover** (epithelium and superficial layer of the lamina propria): compliant and fluid oscillation
– **Transition** (intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propria): coupling between mucosa and muscle tissue
– **Body** (vocalis muscle): stiffer underlying mass provides the foundation
ChatGPT:
1. Cover
What's in it: Epithelium + Superficial layer of the lamina propria (a soft, jelly-like layer).
What it does: It’s the most flexible and vibrates easily—this is what creates the sound waves.
2. Transition
What's in it: Intermediate + Deep layers of the lamina propria.
What it does: It connects the soft cover to the stiffer muscle underneath, acting like a buffer or springy bridge.
🟢 It helps transfer the movement from the wiggly cover to the more stable body.
3. Body
What's in it: Vocalis muscle.
What it does: This is the strong core that provides shape and control. It doesn’t vibrate as much, but it helps adjust pitch and force.
🔵 Think of it like the solid base
