anatomy Flashcards
(23 cards)
what are functions of the larynx?
1) valving (preventing asipration into lower respiratory passage) 2) thoracic fixation (building up core/trapping air in lungs) 3) sound production (most important for us!)
What are the breathing types?
Clavicular: not desirable, a patient with hypernasality would do this
Thoarcic: breathing through the chest
Costal: ribcage breathing
Abdominal
What are the nine laryngeal cartilages?
Epiglottis
Arytenoid
Thyroid
Corniculate
Cricoid
Cuneiform
What are the three types of cartilages?
Hyaline = sturdy, ossifying cartilages, found in the respiratory tract; calcification starts at about 25 years of age
Elastic = less sturdy and non-ossifying
Fibrous = found in tendon attachments
What is the hyoid bone?
U-shaped sesamoid bone (sesamoid = small round bone formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint)
Only bone not articulated w another
Articules with the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage
Two greater and two lesser horns
What is the epiglottis?
The first three tiered protection mechanism with ventricular and vocal folds
Base attached to ant. rim of thyroid cartilage
Made of elastic non bone cartilage to keep pliabilty throughout the lifespan
What is the thyroid cartilage?
Saddle shaped; open at back; two inferior and sup. Horns; made of hyaline cart.
Biggest cart in the larynx, projects airway
Anterior midline notch and two lateral laminae
What is the cricoid cartilage?
Ossifying cartilage, signet shaped, two sets of paired facets for arctic w arytenoids + thyroid
Both cricoarytenoid + cricoarytenoid joints = lined w synovial membrane
Can rock around depending on the muscle pulling it
Syvnovia= the viscid lubricating fluid secreted by membrane living joints and tendon sheaths
What are the arytenoids?
Pyramid-shaped hyaline cartilages
Anterior angle forms vocal process, lateral forms muscular, medial frms arytenoid pair, base forms part of the cricoarytenoid joint
Arytenoid processes~:
Vocal process:
Muscular process:
Apex process
What are the corniculate and cuneiforms?
Corniculate Cartilages
They are horn shaped and paired, with a synovial attachment to the superior tips of the arytenoids, may fuse with them + supports the posterior part of aryepiglottic fold
Cuneiform Cartilages
Submucosaly in free margin of aryepiglottic folds, rod shaped, reinforces aryepiglotic folds
What is the conus elasticus?
It’s a tissue between the vocal folds, which becomes the non-muscular part of the VF! (vocal ligament)
A soft membrane that extends between the arch of the cricoid, the vocal process of the arytenoid and the junction of the thyroid laminae.
The free thickened upper border of this membrane is the vocal ligament - when covered with mucous membrane, this edge is know as the true vocal fold.
What are the three laryngeal compartments?
Laryngeal vestibule (entrance space)
Laryngeal ventricle
Inferior laryngeal ventricle
What are the three laryngeal muscle groups?
Suprahyoid muscles: raise the larynx
Infrahyoid muscles: lower the larynx
Intrinsic muscles: determine the intrinstic muscle configuration
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
stylohyoid, mylohyoid, ant/post digastric, geniohyoid
What are the infrahyoids?
thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid
what are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
cricothyroid (pars recta and oblique), thyroarytenoid (vocalis and thyromuscularis), interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid
What does the cricothyroid do?
Lowers distance from cricoid and thyroid by bringing the cricoid and/or thyroid down
Lengthens VF to control pitch (esp in higher pitches)
Pars Recta and Pars oblique
What does thyroarytenoid do?
Lateral is thyromuscularis and medial is the thyrovocalis (vocal folds)
When contracted, shortens VF length by bringing arytenoids forward, and increases mass of VF edge
Contributes to lowering F0!! Increases loudness by tightening glottic closure
What does lateral cricoarytenoid do?
Rocks arytenoids anteriorly and slides them laterally, brings vocal processes medially and adducts the VF
What do the interarytenoids do?
Transverse: runs between arytenoids
Oblique: x-shaped and paired
Shortens interarytenoid distance and forcefully closes posterior glottis
What does the PCA do?
Important for respiration and quick unvoiced opening gestures, rocks arytenoids posteriorly and redirects vocal processes laterally + separates VF!!
VF Histology?
Epithelium: pliable, thin later of squamous cells
Lamina propria: superficial later (Reinke’s space), intermediate and deep layer
Vocalis muscle: the only active component, the vocalis muscle forms the main body of the vocal fold and provides tonicity, stability and mass
What is the lamina propria? What are the layers?
Superficial layer (Reinke’s space): soft, slippery, gelatinous mass, strong vibration during phonation
Intermediate layer: elastic fibers, which have more mass but still contribute to vibration
Deep layer: collagen fiber
The intermediate and deep layer are also known as the vocal ligament
The vocal ligament is not present in the newborn but develops between 1-4y/o
