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Anatomy Kidneys > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is the capacity of the bladder?

A

Mean: 220 cc, Max: 500 cc

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2
Q

What shape is the empty vs full bladder?

A

Empty = 4-sided pyramid; Full = spherical

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3
Q

What are the 4 angles of the bladder?

A

Apex, Neck, and 2 postero-superior angles (ureters enter here)

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4
Q

What structure is attached to the apex of the bladder?

A

Median umbilical ligament (obliterated urachus)

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5
Q

What lies at the neck of the bladder in males?

A

Prostate gland

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6
Q

What lies behind the bladder in females?

A

Vagina

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7
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Smooth triangle between 2 ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

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8
Q

What is the uvula of the bladder?

A

A small bump caused by the median lobe of the prostate

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9
Q

Name the 4 ligaments of the bladder.

A
  1. Median umbilical ligament
  2. Lateral true ligament
  3. Posterior ligament
  4. Pubo-prostatic (or pubo-vesical in females)
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10
Q

Arterial supply of the bladder?

A

Superior and inferior vesical arteries

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11
Q

Nerve supply of the bladder?

A

• Sympathetic: T11–L2 (inhibits bladder wall)
• Parasympathetic: S2–S4 (stimulates bladder wall)

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12
Q

How long is a ureter?

A

25–30 cm

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13
Q

Where do ureters begin and end?

A

From renal pelvis (L1) to postero-superior angles of bladder

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14
Q

What are the 3 constriction points of the ureter?

A
  1. Ureteropelvic junction
  2. Pelvic brim
  3. Entrance into bladder wall (intramural)
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15
Q

Segmental blood supply of ureters comes from?

A

A – Abdominal aorta
R – Renal artery
T – Testicular/ovarian artery
C – Common iliac
I – Inferior vesical

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16
Q

What are ureteric calculi?

A

Kidney stones that cause pain and obstruction in ureter

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17
Q

Where do calculi often get stuck?

A

At the 3 normal constrictions

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18
Q

Length and shape of male urethra?

A

20 cm, S-shaped

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19
Q

What are the 4 parts of male urethra?

A
  1. Preprostatic
  2. Prostatic
  3. Membranous
  4. Spongy (penile)
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20
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

A

Membranous urethra

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21
Q

What structure opens into the prostatic urethra?

A

• Prostatic utricle (middle)
• Ejaculatory ducts (sides)
• Prostatic gland ducts (sinuses)

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22
Q

What are the 2 urethral sphincters?

A
  1. Internal sphincter (involuntary)
  2. External sphincter (voluntary)
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23
Q

Function of external sphincter?

A

Closes urethra, but contracts at end of urination to expel last drops

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24
Q

Length of female urethra?

A

~4 cm

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25
Why are infections more common in females?
Urethra is short, straight, and open to outside
26
Where does the female urethra open?
Into the vestibule, between labia minora, just in front of the vagina
27
What glands are near the female urethra?
Para-urethral glands (homologous to prostate)
28
In Goodpasture syndrome, what lab value increases?
Anti-GBM antibodies
29
What does blood at the trigone during cystoscopy most likely indicate?
Bleeding from ureteric orifice
30
Where is the urinary bladder located at birth?
In the abdominal cavity (pelvis is too small)
31
Where is the urinary bladder located in a 6-year-old child?
In the greater pelvis (pelvi-abdominal organ)
32
Where is the urinary bladder located after puberty?
In the lesser pelvis (fully pelvic organ)
33
What are the 4 surfaces of the bladder?
1. Superior 2. 2 Inferolateral 3. Posterior (base)
34
What are the 4 angles of the bladder?
1. Apex (anterior) 2. Neck (inferior) 3. 2 posterosuperior angles (where ureters enter)
35
What lies behind the bladder base in males?
Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and rectum
36
What lies below the bladder neck in males?
Prostate gland
37
What covers the superior surface of the bladder in males?
Peritoneum; related to ileum & sigmoid colon
38
What lies behind the bladder base in females?
Upper anterior wall of the vagina
39
What lies on the superior surface of the bladder in females?
Uterus (with the utero-vesical pouch in between)
40
What are the boundaries of the trigone?
Two ureteric orifices + internal urethral orifice
41
What makes the trigone appear smooth and pink?
Its mucosa is tightly bound to the underlying muscle and is richly supplied
42
What is the inter-ureteric crest?
Ridge between the two ureteric openings
43
What is the uvula of the bladder and what causes it?
Small bump above the internal urethral orifice, caused by enlarged median lobe of prostate
44
Name the 4 bladder ligaments and what they do.
1. Median umbilical ligament – from apex to umbilicus (urachus remnant) 2. Lateral true ligament – to obturator fascia 3. Posterior ligament – to posterior pelvic wall 4. Pubo-prostatic/pubovesical – anchors bladder neck
45
Where do the ureters begin?
At the renal pelvis (near L1 vertebra)
46
What do ureters pass in front of before entering the pelvis?
The bifurcation of the common iliac artery
47
What are the posterior relations of the ureter?
Psoas muscle and genitofemoral nerve
48
In males, what structure crosses the ureter near the bladder?
Vas deferens
49
In females, what passes above the ureter?
Uterine artery (important surgical landmark)
50
Where are the 3 natural narrowings of the ureter?
1. Ureteropelvic junction 2. Pelvic brim (crossing iliac vessels) 3. Intramural part (entry into bladder wall)
51
How long is the intramural course of the ureter through the bladder wall?
About 2 cm
52
Why is the intramural ureter important?
Acts like a valve to prevent backflow (reflux) when the bladder is full
53
From which arteries does the ureter get blood?
Segmentally from: • Renal artery • Gonadal artery • Aorta • Common iliac • Inferior vesical artery
54
What type of pain do ureteric stones cause?
Severe colicky pain (from ureter spasms above the obstruction)
55
Best imaging to detect ureteric calculi today?
CT scan
56
How long is the male urethra?
20 cm (8 inches)
57
What are the 4 parts of the male urethra?
1. Preprostatic 2. Prostatic 3. Membranous 4. Spongy (penile)
58
What is the shortest and narrowest part of the male urethra?
Membranous urethra
59
Through what does the membranous urethra pass?
Deep perineal pouch (pierces pelvic fascia and perineal membrane)
60
What are the 2 urethral sphincters?
• Internal sphincter (smooth muscle, involuntary) • External sphincter (skeletal muscle, voluntary)
61
How long is the female urethra?
~4 cm
62
Where is the external urethral orifice in females?
In the vestibule of the vagina, just in front of the vaginal opening
63
Why are UTIs more common in females?
Short urethra, more open to the outside, easier for bacteria to enter
64
Why is catheterization easier in females than in males?
The female urethra is shorter, straighter, and more elastic
65
Blood is seen coming from a slit-like mucosal flap during cystoscopy. What is this structure?
Ureteric orifice

Anatomy Kidneys (2 decks)

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