anatomy 2

Question 1

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), and energy storage (yellow marrow).

Question 2

What are the structures of a long bone?

Answer 2

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, compact bone, and spongy bone.

Question 3

What are the types of bone cells and their functions?

Answer 3

Osteoblasts (build bone), osteoclasts (break down bone), osteocytes (maintain bone), osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells for bone).

Question 4

Describe the microscopic structure of bone.

Answer 4

Osteons (Haversian systems), central canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi.

Question 5

How does the structure of bones relate to their function?

Answer 5

Flat bones protect (e.g., skull), long bones support movement (e.g., femur), short bones provide stability (e.g., carpals), irregular bones have specialized functions (e.g., vertebrae).

Question 6

What are common bone fractures?

Answer 6

Simple, compound, greenstick, comminuted, spiral, transverse.

Question 7

Why is a good blood supply important for bone healing?

Answer 7

Provides oxygen and nutrients for repair and removes waste.

Question 8

What are examples of bone diseases?

Answer 8

Osteoporosis (decreased bone mass), arthritis (joint inflammation).

Question 9

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 9

Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

Question 10

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 10

The functional unit of a muscle fiber; includes Z lines, actin (thin), and myosin (thick) filaments.

Question 11

What is the role of myofilaments in muscle contraction?

Answer 11

Actin and myosin slide past each other to shorten the muscle.

Question 12

What happens to the myofilaments during contraction?

Answer 12

Myosin heads bind to actin and pull it inward, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 13

What occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 13

A nerve impulse triggers the release of acetylcholine, causing muscle fiber contraction.

Question 14

Explain the sliding filament theory.

Answer 14

Muscle contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other powered by ATP.

Question 15

Why is calcium important in muscle contraction?

Answer 15

It binds to troponin, allowing actin and myosin to interact.

Question 16

Why is ATP important in muscle contraction?

Answer 16

Powers the myosin head movement and detachment from actin.

Question 17

What are the organs of the urinary system?

Answer 17

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Question 18

What are the parts of a nephron and their functions?

Answer 18

Glomerulus (filtration), Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct (reabsorption/secretion).

Question 19

What are the three processes of urine formation?

Answer 19

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Question 20

Why is high blood pressure necessary in the glomerulus?

Answer 20

Drives filtration of blood into Bowman’s capsule.

Question 21

What is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 21

Filters blood plasma.

Question 22

What is normally found in urine?

Answer 22

Water, urea, salts; not glucose, proteins, or blood.

Question 23

Differentiate between renal artery and vein.

Answer 23

Renal artery carries oxygenated blood to the kidney; vein carries filtered blood away.

Question 24

What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?

Answer 24

Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils.

Question 25

What is the function of the spleen and thymus?

Answer 25

Spleen filters blood; thymus matures T cells (most active in youth).

Question 26

How does lymph move?

Answer 26

Through muscle contractions and valves.

Question 27

Where does lymph come from?

Answer 27

Escaped fluid from blood plasma.

Question 28

What are the first and second lines of defense?

Answer 28

First: skin/mucus; second: inflammation, fever, phagocytes.

Question 29

What cells are involved in specific immunity?

Answer 29

B and T lymphocytes.

Question 30

Differentiate antigens and antibodies.

Answer 30

Antigens are foreign; antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens.

Question 31

What are memory cells?

Answer 31

B or T cells that remember past infections for faster response.

Question 32

Compare natural vs. artificial immunity.

Answer 32

Natural: infection or antibodies from mother; Artificial: vaccines or injections.

Question 33

Passive vs. active immunity?

Answer 33

Passive: antibodies received; Active: antibodies made by own body.

Question 34

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 34

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

Question 35

What are the organs of the alimentary canal?

Answer 35

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum.

Question 36

What are the accessory organs and their functions?

Answer 36

Salivary glands (saliva), liver (bile), pancreas (enzymes), gallbladder (stores bile).

Question 37

What enzymes are in saliva and what do they do?

Answer 37

Amylase - breaks down starch.

Question 38

What is bile and why is it important?

Answer 38

Produced by liver, stored in gallbladder; emulsifies fats.

Question 39

Chemical vs. mechanical digestion?

Answer 39

Chemical: enzymes; Mechanical: chewing, mixing.

Question 40

What macronutrient is the body's main energy source?

Answer 40

Carbohydrates.

Question 41

What are the components of blood and their functions?

Answer 41

RBCs (oxygen), WBCs (immunity), platelets (clotting), plasma (transport).

Question 42

How is blood type determined?

Answer 42

By antigens on RBCs and antibodies in plasma.

Question 43

Path of blood through the heart?

Answer 43

Body -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> body.

Question 44

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Answer 44

Arteries carry blood away (usually oxygenated), veins return it (usually deoxygenated).

Question 45

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 45

One heartbeat: systole (contraction), diastole (relaxation).

Question 46

Normal vs. abnormal blood pressure?

Answer 46

Normal: ~120/80 mmHg. High or low BP indicates health issues.

Question 47

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 47

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs.

Question 48

What is the function of surfactant?

Answer 48

Reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse.

Question 49

What is the process of breathing?

Answer 49

Inhalation (diaphragm contracts), exhalation (diaphragm relaxes).

Question 50

What is the path of oxygen?

Answer 50

Nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli -> capillaries.

Question 51

Link between cardiovascular and respiratory systems?

Answer 51

Oxygen from lungs goes into blood; CO2 from blood is exhaled.