Anatomy 2 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the nose?
A
- Traps dirt
- Respiration
- Humidification of inspired air
- Olfaction (smell)
2
Q
What is the nose made up of?
A
- External nose has a bony framework from which the nasal and septal cartilages extends
- Nasal cavity
- Palate forms the floor
- Nasal bone forms roof
3
Q
What is the function of the larynx?
A
- Open valve in respiration
- Partially closed valve whose orifice can be modulated in phonation
- Closed valve, protecting the trachea and bronchial tree during deglutition
4
Q
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
5
Q
Where does the trachea begins?
A
Lower border of the larynx (cricoid cartilage at C6)
6
Q
Which to bones form the nasal septum?
A
Vomer and ethmoid
7
Q
What is the clinical significance of a nasal septum deviation with regards to drainage of paranasal air sinuses?
A
Sinuses open into meatus (under turbinates), so an obstruction would cause blockage of drainage. This would result in a build up of mucus and fluid in sinuses -> congested and painful
8
Q
Name five parts to the ethmoid bone
A
- Cribriform plate
- Crista gali (falx cerebri attachment)
- Central plate
- Superior and inferior turbinates
- Ethmoid air cells
9
Q
What kind of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which Iines most of the nasal cavity?
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
10
Q
What epithelium is the roof of the nasal cavity lined by?
A
Olfactory mucosa
11
Q
Which cranial nerve, responsible for sense of smell, innervates the olfactory mucosa?
A
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
12
Q
What are the projections from the ethmoid bone called?
A
Turbinates (or concha) and the space beneath them is called a meatus
13
Q
What is the name given to the space above the superior concha in the nasal cavity?
A
Sphenoethmoidal recess
14
Q
What arteries supply the nose?
A
Branches from ophthalmic artery and branches from ECA
15
Q
What is the venous drainage of the nose?
A
Venous plexus
16
Q
What implications does the rich vascular supply of the nose have?
A
Make epistaxis more common
17
Q
What are paranasal sinuses?
A
Group of airfield spaces that surround the nasal cavity
18
Q
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
A
- Lighten skull
* Humidify inspired air
19
Q
What epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses and why is it important?
A
Respiratory mucosa
This is significant as can lead to URT infections spreading to them –> sinusitis
20
Q
What opens into the superior meatus?
A
Posterior ethmoid air cells
21
Q
What opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?
A
Sphenoid sinus
22
Q
What opens into the middle meatus?
A
- Maxillary sinus
- Frontal sinus
- Anterior ethmoidal air cells
- Middle ethmoidal air cells
23
Q
What opens into the inferior meatus?
A
Nasolacrimal duct
24
Q
Name with CN V nerve innervated the frontal, maxillary and the sphenoid air sinuses
A
- Frontal - V1
- Maxillary - V2
- Ethmoidal - V1
- Sphenoid - V1 + 2
25
What two important structures lie in the nasopharynx?
* Collection of lymphoid tissue in roof and posterior walls - adenoids or nasopharyngeal tonsils
* Orifice of the Eustachian tube (level with floor of nose) - the posterior lip is prominent sue to underlying cartilage and the salpingopharyngeus muscle
26
What are the features on the mandible?
* Condyloid process
* Coronoid process
* Mandibular foramen
* Mandibular angle
* Mental foramen
* Mylohyoid line
* Mental tubercle
27
What anatomical changes have occurs to edentulous mandibles due to bone resorption?
* Loss of alveolar sockets
* Mental foramen lies closer to superior edge
* Absence of teeth
* Thinning of ramps and body of mandible
28
Name the number of different types of deciduous teeth
* Incisor - 8
* Molar - 8
* Canines - 4
29
Name the number of different types of permanent teeth
* Incisor - 8
* Canines - 4
* Molar - 8
* Premolar - 12
30
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?
Modified hinge joint - bicondylar articulation
31
What are the two articular processes that form the temporomandibular joint?
Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyloid process of the mandible
32
Name 5 movements that occur at the temperomandibular joint
* Elevation
* Depression
* Protrusion
* Retraction
* Side to side
33
Name the muscles of mastication
* Masseter
* Medial pterygoid
* Lateral pterygoid
* Temporalis
34
What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?
* Temporal fossa
| * Ramus and coronoid process of mandible
35
What are the features of the temporaries muscle fibres and what effect does this have on the action of the mandible?
Anterior fibres run vertically and the posterior fibres run more horizontal.
* Anterior fibres -> elevation
* Posterior fibres -> retraction
36
What are the bony attachments of the master muscle?
* Outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible
* Deep part attaches to zygomatic arch and the superficial part attaches to the maxillary process of zygomatic bone
37
What is the action of the masseter muscle?
* Elevation
* Adduction
* Protrusion
38
How are the masseter and medial pteryoid muscles easily differentiated?
They are parallel to each other but the masseter is attached to the outer surface of the mandible and the medial pterygoid to the inner surface
39
Two what structure do both the pterygoid muscles attach to?
Lateral pterygoid plates - lateral one to the lateral surface of it and the medial one to the medial surface of it
40
What are the bony attachments of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
* Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
| * Joint capsule of the TMJ to insert onto the neck of the mandible and also the articular disc of the joint.
41
What are the bony attachments of the medial pterygoid muscle?
* Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
| * Inner surface of the ramus of the mandible
42
What are the actions of the ptarygoid muscles?
* Lateral --> protraction
* Medial --> elevation
* Both at the same time --> elevation and protraction
43
What depresses the mandible?
Suprahyoid muscles and gravity
44
Name the supra hyoid muscles
* Digastric
* Mylohyoid
* Geniohyoid
45
Which muscles elevate the mandible?
* Medial pterygoid
* Temporalis (anterior fibres)
* Masseter
46
Which muscles cause protrusion of the mandible?
* Lateral pterygoid
| * Masseter
47
Which muscles cause retraction go the mandible?
Temporalis (posterior fibres)
48
Which muscles cause side to side movements of the mandible?
Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
49
What nerves provides motor and sensory innervation to the muscles of mastication?
Madibular division of the trigeminal nerve - CN V3 (motor and sensory) which emerges through foramen ovale
50
What branch of CN V3 enters the mandibular fossa?
Inferior alveolar to provide sensory innervation to the mandibular area
51
What is the name of the space between the lips and teeth?
Vestibule of the oral cavity
52
What nerve innervated the buccinator muscle?
Facial nerve CN VII
53
What muscle of facial expression causes closing the the lips?
Orbicularis oris
54
What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?
Oropharyngeal isthmus
55
Name the bones of the hard palate
Maxillary and palatine
56
Name five muscles found in the soft palate
* Tensor veli palatini
* Levator veli palatini
* Palatoglossus
* Palatopharyngeus
* Masculus uvulae
57
What is the nerve supply to the muscles in the soft palate?
All are vagus nerve except tensor v. palatine which is innervated by CN V3
58
What are the collective actions of the muscles in the soft palate?
Elevates soft palate so that it is in contact with posterior wall of pharynx (seals of nasopharynx) when swallowing or breathing through mouth
59
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
* Anterior - palatoglossal arches
* Superior - uvula
* Inferior - tip of epiglottis
* Contain palatine tonsils on lateral walls
60
Name three functions of the tongue
* Moving food during chewing
* Taste and deglutition
* Articulation
61
What structure divides the tongue into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?
Terminal sulcus (V shaped)
62
What is the significance of the foramen caecum that is in the terminal sulcus of the tongue?
Proximal part of the embryonic thyroglossal duct from which the thyroid gland developed
63
What are the projections on the surface of the tongue called?
Papillae
64
What are the different types of papillae on the tongue?
* Filliform (no taste buds)
* Fungiform
* Circumvalate
65
What is the name of the submucosal lymphoid tissue collection in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Lingual tonsils
66
What is the inferior surface of the tongue covered by?
Smooth mucous membrane
67
What is the name of the fold which fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Lingual frenulum
68
What is found on either side on the frenulum of the tongue?
Opening of the duct of the submandibular salivary gland
69
What nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Mandibular division of trigeminal
70
What nerve supplies special sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani - branch of facial nerve
71
What nerve supplies general sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
72
What nerve supplies special sensation to the posterior 1/4 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
73
What are the two different types of muscles within the tongue?
* Intrinsic - originate and insert in tongue
| * Extrinsic - attach from tongue to surrounding bone or soft palate
74
Where are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue found?
The dorsum of the tonuge
75
What are the actions of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Change tongue shape
76
What are the actions of hr extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Change position of the tongue
77
Name four extrinsic muscles of the tongue
* Genioglossus
* Hyoglossus
* Styloglossus
* Palatoglossus
78
What is the attachment and action of genioglossus muscle?
* Inner surface of the mandibles.
| * Protrudes tongue to opposite side
79
What is the attachment and action of hyoglossus?
* Upper border of mandible
| * Depresses tongue
80
What is the attachment and action of styloglossus?
* Styloid process to the superolateral sides of the tongue
| * Retracts tongue
81
What is the attachment and action of palatoglossus?
* Soft palate
| * Helps narrow oropharynx when swallowing
82
If nerve innervating the right genioglossus is damage (causing muscle paralysis) which direction would you expect the patient's tongue to deviate if you ask them to protrude your tongue?
Right
83
What nerve provides motor innervation to all but one muscle of the tongue (intrinsic and extrinsic)?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - does not innervate palatoglossus
84
Name three large paired salivary glands
* Parotid
* Submandibular
* Sublingual
85
What nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
86
What nerve innervates the submandibular salivary gland?
Chorda tympani nerve (from facial nerve)
87
What nerve innervate the sublingual gland?
Chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve)
