Anatomy 2 test

Question 1

Components of the pulmonary circulation

Answer 1

Pulmonary circulation includes a vast network of arteries, veins, and lymphatics that function to exchange blood and other tissue fluids between the heart, the lungs, and back

Question 2

Components of systemic circulation

Answer 2

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.

Question 3

Heart location

Answer 3

mediastinum
- thoracic cavity
- medial between two lungs
- sits in pericardium

Question 4

Pericardium

Answer 4

protects heart from damage; tight pillow case
1. pericardium
2. fibrous pericardium/serous pericardium
3. parietal pericardium/ visceral pericardium
4. pericardial cavity

Question 5

Heart wall

Answer 5

1. epicardium (outer)
   - vicseral pericardium
   - lubricates/protect the outside of heart
2. myocardium (middle)
   - trabeculae carneae
   - composed of cardiac muscle, makes up majority/mass of heart
3. endocardium (inner)
   - majority of thickness comes from myocardium
   - keeps blood from sticking to the inside of the heart

Question 6

Major heart vessels

Answer 6

1. superior vena cava
2. inferior vena cava
3. pulmonary trunk
4. pulmonary veins
5. aorta

Question 7

Major heart chambers

Answer 7

L/R atrium
- blood collecting chambers
L/R ventricles
- pump blood out of the heart
R- deoxygenated blood
L- oxygenated blood

Question 8

Heart valves

Answer 8

• tricuspid
• pulmonary
• bicuspid/ mitral
• aortic

Question 9

Myocardium

Answer 9

composed of cardiac muscle
- makes up majority/mass of heart

Question 10

Systole

Answer 10

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

Question 11

Diastole

Answer 11

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

Question 12

Electrical conducting system of the heart

Answer 12

1. Sinoatrial node (SA)
2. Atrioventricular node (AV)
3. Atrioventricular bundle (AV)
4. Purkinje fibers

Question 13

Resting membrane potential

Answer 13

heart sitting at -95

Question 14

Action potential

Answer 14

+30 mV

Question 15

Stroke volume

Answer 15

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.

Question 16

Chemoreceptors

Answer 16

special nerve cells or receptors that sense changes in the chemical composition of the blood.

Question 17

The nervous system control of the heart

Answer 17

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the component of the peripheral nervous system that controls cardiac muscle contraction, visceral activities, and glandular functions of the body.

Question 18

Function of arteries

Answer 18

any vessels that carries blood away from the heart

Question 19

Function of the veins

Answer 19

any vessel that carries blood toward the heart

Question 20

Types of arteries

Answer 20

wall
-tunica interna
-tunica media
- tunica externa
conducting arteries
medium arteries

Question 21

Blood flow through pulmonary circulation

Answer 21

Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It then flows through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery before being delivered to the lungs

Question 22

Arteries of the upper limbs

Answer 22

ascending aorta
aortic arch
brachiocephalic
R/L radial
R/L ulnar
R/L common carotid
R/L external carotid
R/L internal carotid
R/L vertebral
R/L subclavian

Question 23

Veins of the upper limbs

Answer 23

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
subclavian
R/L axillary
R/L external jugular

Question 24

Arteries of the lower

Answer 24

R/L internal iliac
descending aorta
R/L renal
R/L testicular
R/L ovarian
R/L common iliac
R/L femoral
R/L digitals

Question 25

Veins of the lower

Answer 25

pancreatic gastric R/L suprarenal R/L femoral R/L popliteal

Question 26

Blood pressure measurement

Answer 26

pressure- force that drive blood through the vessels due to pumping of heart systolic- diastolic= pulse pressure

Question 27

Arterial pressure

Answer 27

Neural controls - vasomotor center - cardiac center - baroreceptors - chemoreceptors Chemical/ Hormones - epinephrine - angiotensin - ADH - blood volume

Question 28

Pulse

Answer 28

systolic- first heart sound (contract) diastolic- last heart sound (relax)

Question 29

Blood velocity

Answer 29

lowest in capillaries

Question 30

Lymphatic system

Answer 30

system of capillaries/ducts picking up fluid left in the interstitial space - cleans the fluid from the toxin, bacteria, and pathogens

Question 31

Organs of the lymphatic system

Answer 31

spleen lymph nodes thymus tonsils peyer's patches

Question 32

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 32

-permits passage of high molecular weight substance - fluid leaks through mini valve into lymph capillaries - higher pressure on the inside closes mini valve

Question 33

Lymph

Answer 33

mostly fluid transparent/slightly yellow derived from tissue fluid 96% water 4%solids - lipids - carbs - electrolytes - cellular content

Question 34

Rate of lymph flow

Answer 34

120 ml/hr 3-4 liters a day

Question 35

Trunks of the lymphatic system

Answer 35

jugular lymph trunks, subclavian lymph trunks, bronchomediastinal lymph trunks, and lumbar lymph trunks

Question 36

Innate immunity

Answer 36

First line of defense, readily available 1. - mechanical barriers - chemical barriers 2. - phagocytes - inflammatory response - protective proteins

Question 37

Adaptive

Answer 37

2nd line of defense/ B,T cells/ specific/delayed - humoral immunity - protect against specific pathogens

Question 38

B cells

Answer 38

produce plasma cells - antibody factories each B cell has specific membrane bound surface antibody that binds to specific receptor

Question 39

Lymph flow through a lymph node

Question 40

Structure of antibody

Answer 40

trunk is fixed - determines class of antibody arms are variable portion - where specific antigens bind