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Anatomy Flashcards

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0
Q

Investing layer:

A

Surrounds the whole neck and contains SCM and trapezius

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1
Q

4 layers of fascia in the neck

A

Investing fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath

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2
Q

Pre tracheal layer

A

Most anterior
Muscular layer contains infrahyoid m. Most anterior, formed by contributions from buccopharyngeal fascia.
Visceral part. Houses thyroid gland oesophagus and trachea

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3
Q

Prevertabral fascia.

A

Layer surrounding vertebral column and associated muscles: scaleanus, dep muscle of back and prevertebral.
Anterior portion of the fascia attaches to transverse process of vertebral bodies of vertebral column. Posteriorly it attaches along the ligamentous nuchae.
In the inferior region of the neck the fascia surrounds the brachial plexus and subclavian artery, where it is known as the axillary sheath.

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4
Q

Carotid sheath:

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

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5
Q

What structures are transmitted through thr superior orbital fissure?

A

Ocular motor nerve
trochlea are nerve
Ophthalmic branches: lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary
Abducens
Ophthalmic vein
Sympathetic fibres from cavernous sinus (trigeminal nerve)

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6
Q

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve
Ascending branches of pterygopalatine ganglion.
Infra orbital artery
Inferior ophthalmic vein

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7
Q

What is transmitted through the optic cannal?

A

Optic nerve

Optic artery

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8
Q

What happens to tears as they leave the lacrimal duct?

A

Tears secreted collect in the fornix conjunctiva of the upper lid, and pass over the eye surface to the lacrimal puncta, small holes found at the inner corner of the eyelids. These pass the tears through the lacrimal canaliculi on to the lacrimal sac, in turn to the nasolacrimal duct, which dumps them out into the nose

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9
Q

Optic nerve:

A

Though classified as a cranial nerve, it is actually an extension of the forebrain. The nerve carries afferent fibers from the ganglion cells of the retina through the optic canal to cross to the opposite side in the optic chiasm. The crossed and uncrossed fibers of this portion of the visual pathway enter the cranial cavity to the geniculate bodies, superior colliculus and pretectum.

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10
Q

Occulomotor nerve

A

The oculomotor nerve arises from the accessory oculomotor nucleus and oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain, emerging above the pons. This nerve exits the middle cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure to supply the ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles. The superior branch supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior branch supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles.
Before this nerve exits via the superior orbital fissure they must pass through thr cavernous sinus.

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11
Q

Trochlea nerve

A

4th cranial nerve
This is the smallest of the cranial nerves. It arises from the trochlear nucleus in the back of the midbrain and emerges at the side of the pons. It exits the middle cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure to supply the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
Also passes through cavernous sinus

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12
Q

Abducent nerve

A

This nerve emerges from the abducens nucleus in the pons above the pyramid. It passes through the superior orbital fissure to supply the lateral rectus muscle.
Also passes through cavernous sinus

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13
Q

Trigeminal nerve:

A

The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve emerges from the trigeminal ganglion and the motor root from the trigeminal motor nucleus in the pons. The nerve divides into the ophthalmic, mandibular and maxillary divisions at the trigeminal ganglion
V1: supraaorbital Foramen
V2: infraorbital foramen
V3: foramen ovale

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14
Q

Ophthalmic nerve v1

A

This division of the trigeminal nerve passes from the trigeminal ganglion through the superior orbital fissure. Branches of this nerve include the: i) meningeal branch, ii) frontal, iii) lacrimal and iv) nasociliary nerves. It innervates the skin of the forehead, upper eyelid, nasal mucous membranes and sinuses.

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15
Q

Maxillary nerve:

A

This division of the trigeminal nerve passes from the trigeminal ganglion into the pterygopalatine fossa to distribute ganglionic branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Branches of this nerve include the infraorbital, meningeal, nasopalatine, pharyngeal, posterior superior alveolar, zygomatic, posterior superior medial and lateral nasal branches and greater and lesser palatine nerves.

This nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the cheek, upper lip, lower eyelid, as well as mucous membranes of the palate, teeth, gingiva, nasal cavity and maxillary sinus.

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16
Q

What type of epithelium is conjunctivita?

A

Non- keratinised stratified squamous/ columnar

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17
Q

Cranial nerve 1:

A

Olfactory, special afferent, involved in smell

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18
Q

Cranial nerve 2:

A

Optic nerve, special afferent involved in vision

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19
Q

Were do cranial nerves one and two arise from?

A

Fore brain

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20
Q

Cranial nerve three

A

Parasympathetic visceral to pupillary muscles
Somatic efferent to extra ulnar muscles
Occulomotor nerve(all the rectus apart from lateral rectus)

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21
Q

Cranial nerve 4:

A

Trochlear nerve
Somatic efferent
Extraorcullar muscles(superior oblique)

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22
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal nerve
Branchial efferent to muscles of mastication
Somatic afferent to sensory of face and orrifices

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23
Q

Where do cranial nerve three and 4 arise from?

A

Midbrain

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24
Cranial nerve 6:
Abducens | Somatic efferent supplies the extraorcullar muscle, lateral rectus
25
Cranial nerve 7
Facial nerve Branchial efferent to muscles of facial expression Special afferent taste Parasympathetic visceral efferent to salivary and lacrimal glands Located in pons: exits skull through stylomastoid foramen emerges from the parotid gland
26
Cranial nerve 8:
Vestibulocochlear is special afferent involved in hearing and balance Inner ear to pons and is associated with sense of gearing and balance. Exits via internal acoustic meatus in temporal bone.
27
Cranial nerve 9:
Glossopharyngeal Special afferent to taste Visceral afferent to carotid body, tongue, middle ear and the pharynx Branchial efferent to muscles of pharynx Parasympathetic visceral efferent to the parotid gland Located in medulla oblongata Associated with gag reflex Leaves through jugular foramen
28
Vagus nerve:
Visceral afferent to the pharynx, larynx, chest and abdominal organs Special afferent for taste Branchial efferent to muscles of larynx, pharynx and palate and organs of chest and abdomen. In medulla oblongata EXITs through jugular foramen
29
Cranial nerve number 11:
Branchial efferent to trapezius and SCM. Exits through jugular foramen Arises from medulla oblongata
30
Cranial nerve 12:
Hypoglossal Somatic efferent to tongue muscles Arises from medulla oblongata Exits skull through hypoglossal canal
31
What passes through the cavernous sinus?
Cranial nerves 3, 4 and 6.
32
Where is the CSf found in accordance to the meninges?
Between the pia matter and arachnoid matter
33
Dura matter can be described as an ...
Internal periosteum
34
Space between dura and skull
Extradural space
35
Folds of the dura project in to the cranial cavity dividing it in to compartments which contain various parts of the brain. The two main folds are..
The flax cerebri and ten thorium cerebelli | Formed by the supporting layer(inner)
36
Flax cerebri:
Sickle shape. Borders the corpus colloquy and attaches to cristai gali and the anterior sagital sinus
37
Tentotium cerebeli
It is concave It is attached, behind, by its convex border, to the transverse ridges upon the inner surface of the occipital bone, and there encloses the transverse sinuses; in front, to the superior angle of the petrous part of the temporal bone on either side, enclosing the superior petrosal sinuses. Contains cerebellum
38
Tentorial notch:
Space between the tentorium cerebeli | Divides cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial
39
Supratentorial:
Cerebrum
40
Infratentorial:
Cerebellum
41
Two layers of dura matter:
Periosteal | Supporting
42
Dural venous sinus'
Fibrous walls lined be endothelium Not affected by inter racial pressure Have no valves.
43
Diploic veins
Drain blood from diploic space in vault of skull
44
Meningeal veins:
Connects with dural venous sinus' ,via emissary veins ,with extracranial veins of the scalp, face and of the deep tissues of the neck.
45
Emissary veins:
Important in providing accessory route for vendors drainage of the brain
46
Mastoid emissary foramina:
Posterior border of parietal bone , close to the upper border. Transmits parietal emissary vein , which connects the superior sagital sinus with tributes of the superficial temporalis vein and anterior scalp veins.
47
Where does the superior pterosal sinus lie?
Beside the sphenoid and it's pituitary fossa.
48
Petrous part of temporal bone:
The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones Contains trigeminal impression on the upper surface.
49
Where does the pituatory gland sit?
Sella turcia on the body of sphenoid!
50
Diaphragma sellae
A continuation of the dura over the pituatory gland
51
Either side of the pituatory gland is flanked by a...
Cavernous sinus.
52
Cavernous sinus:
paired dural venous sinus lying at the side of the body of sphenoid. Outer wall made by a reflection of supporting dura, continuous medially with the roof of the sinus, then with diaphragm sellae and finally with the dura matter of pituatory gland.
53
What nerves are embedded within the dura of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?
Cranial nerve three, four and 5(ophthalmic and maxillary divisions)
54
What nerves are within the cavernous sinus?
Cranial nerve 6.
55
Where do nerves three, 4? V1 and 6 leave the skull?
Superior orbital fissure
56
Where does v2 leave the skull?
``` Foramen rotundum Main continuation(infra orbital) exits via inferior orbital fissure ```
57
Where does the sinus system leave the skull and what does it become?
Drain in to internal jugular vein and exit viaThe jugular foramen
58
What drains in to the dural veneous sinus' ?
CSF Cerebral veins Emissary veins
59
The squamozygomatic and tympanic parts of the temporAl bone develop In membrane. This is characteristic of...
The fault of the skull
60
The pteromastoid andstyloid of the temporal none develop fro in cartilliage, characteristic of:
The base of the skull | Endochondral ossification
61
What feature of the external auditory meatus protects the ear drum? What is the disadvantage of this!
It is sinuous. Ear drum difficult to see in living.
62
Is the tympanic membrane concave or convex?
Concave
63
Pars flaccida:
The part of the drum which is Concaved externally. It is formed at the point at which the tympanic membrane is attached by a thickened rim to the tympanic plate of temporal bone.
64
What type of tissue is the inner layer of the tympanic membrane?
Muccous membrane, continuous of the lining of middle ear.
65
What part of the tympanic membrane has the deepest fi cavity, and what is it called?
The umba. The centre of the eardrum.
66
What type of tissue is between the inner and outer layer of the tympanic membrane?
A layer of specialised fibroblast if tissue.
67
Where is the Eustachian tube?
It lies in the groove between sphenoidal and petrous temporal bone
68
Tympanic cavity:
Houses the aussicles( malleus, Incus and stapes)
69
What suture is between the frontal bone and the parietal bone?
Coronal suture
70
What suture is between the parietal and occipital bone?
Lambdoid suture
71
Suture down midline of skull?
Sagital sinus
72
Suture between temporal bone and parietal bone?
Squamous suture
73
Fontanelles :
A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising any of the soft membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant.[1] Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the neurocranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow.[2] Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis.
74
Metopic suture:
The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children.
75
Crista galli:
An anchorage point for the dural and flax cerebri
76
What are the boundaries between middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa
Superior border of petrous part of temporal bone. | Posterior clinoid process, posterior border of sella turcia
77
Actions of stylohyoid?
Elevates and retracts mandible
78
Actions of the mylohyoid?
Elevates and pulls hyoid anterolatterly.
79
What nerve innervates the geniohyoid and mylohyoid nerves?
Glossopharyngeal
80
What nerves innervate stylohyoid?
Extracranial branch of facial nerve.
81
What muscle depresses the body of the tongue?
Hyoglossal
82
What muscle depresses the central part of the tongue?
Genioglossis
83
What action is spthe styloglosus muscle involved in?
Retraction and elevation of tongue
84
What action is Palatoglossus involved in?
Elevation of posterior fibres of tongue

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