Anatomy

Question 1

Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to…

Answer 1

urogenital ridge

Question 2

urogenital ridge gives rise to…

Answer 2

kidneys, bladder, gonads

Question 3

3 developmental stages of kidneys

Answer 3

1. pronephros
2. mesonephros
3. metanephros

Question 4

Nephron

Answer 4

structural and functional unit of the kidney that consists of corpuscle and tubules

Question 5

Mesonephric duct

Answer 5

originally connects the mesonephros to the cloaca; aka Wolffian duct and develops into the trigone of bladder wall; further differentiates in male vs. female

Question 6

Mesonephros

Answer 6

functions between week 6 and 10

Question 7

paramesonephric duct

Answer 7

aka Mullerian ducts; will develop in the female into uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina; they are lost in male

Question 8

metanephros

Answer 8

permanent kidney

Question 9

metanephric blastema

Answer 9

initial kidney nephron

Question 10

ureteric bud

Answer 10

forms the kidney’s drainage system including the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

Question 11

Where are the most common insertions of an ectopic ureter in the female?

Answer 11

vagina, vestibule, or urethra

Question 12

What is an ectopic ureter?

Answer 12

ureter extends from kidneys into pelvis but doesn’t empty into bladder

Question 13

What is renal agenesis and what are the combinations/consequences?

Answer 13

kidney fails to develop

if unilateral it’s fine, but if bilateral it’s deadly (Potter sequence)

Question 14

What is PCKD?

Answer 14

cysts in kidney collecting ducts; progressive and results in renal failure

Question 15

Potter sequence

Answer 15

• caused by oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid)
• facial deformities
• club hands
• hypoplastic lungs

Question 16

kidney ascent

Answer 16

the metanephros begin in the pelvis but rise

but actually the body grows down

Question 17

Pelvic kidney

Answer 17

one kidney fails to ascend and remains in the pelvis; benign condition

Question 18

Horseshoe kidney

Answer 18

to kidneys fail to ascend end their inferior poles fuse; causes ureter to run right on top of the inferior kidney loop

Question 19

Cloaca

Answer 19

hindgut

Question 20

Urorectal septum

Answer 20

divides the cloaca into anorectal canal and urogenital sinus

Question 21

anorectal canal

Answer 21

forms anal canal and rectum

Question 22

urogenital sinus

Answer 22

forms bladder and below: urethra, prostate gland and lower vagina

Question 23

Which ends up more superior: ureter or vas deferens?

Answer 23

vas deferens - loops around over top of ureter

Question 24

What are primordial germ cells?

Answer 24

the cells that will give rise to gametes; they are their own cell line and start out the same

Question 25

Where do the primordial germ cells originate?

Answer 25

Umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

Question 26

Where do the primordial germ cells migrate to?

Answer 26

primordium of gonad (not yet differentiated), bilaterally

Question 27

What is the gonadal ridge?

Answer 27

precursory to gonads; gives rise to sex cords

Question 28

What duct gives rise to the male and female genital tract, respectively?

Answer 28

Wolffian/mesonephric-->male | Mullerian/paramesonephric-->female

Question 29

What are the primary sex cords of each sex?

Answer 29

male--seminiferous tubules | female--primordial follicles

Question 30

What are the main sex determinant in males?

Answer 30

- TDF - MIF - testosterone - DHT & 5a-reductase

Question 31

what weeks see the indifferent gonads?

Answer 31

weeks 4-7

Question 32

what is the prostatic utricle?

Answer 32

remnant of mullerian duct in the male

Question 33

what is the descent of the testes?

Answer 33

around 6/7mo the testes descend along the gubernaculum

Question 34

processes vaginalis

Answer 34

the extension of parietal peritoneum to scrotum

Question 35

tunica vaginalis

Answer 35

captured piece of peritoneum within the testes that makes a serous membrane for frictionless movement

Question 36

What structures are formed from the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct?

Answer 36

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle | order leading to testes

Question 37

Estrogen stimulates development of what structures?

Answer 37

paramesonephric duct --> uterine tube, uterus, upper vagina | external genitalis --> clitoris, labis, lower vagina

Question 38

round ligament of uterus

Answer 38

extends from the uterus through the sex cord and eventually ends in the mons pubis

Question 39

The fusion of what two structures forms the uterus?

Answer 39

left and right uterine tubes which are formed from the mesonerphic ducts

Question 40

most common uterine defect

Answer 40

bicornate uterus, where the ducts don't fuse all the way or the uterine septum fails to recede all the way

Question 41

anatomical divisions of the uterus

Answer 41

oviduct/uterine tube, lumen, cervix, fornix, vagina, hymen

Question 42

anatomical portions of the indifferentiated external genitalia

Answer 42

genital tubercle cloacal fold/membrane urethral groove anal fold

Question 43

scrotal raphe

Answer 43

the midline of the scrotum that is closed in genitalia differentiation

Question 44

hyposadia

Answer 44

failure of complete closure of the urethral groove in male development

Question 45

episadia

Answer 45

failure of complete closure of the anterior abdominal wall where the bladder is exposed as well as the dorsal penis

Question 46

hydrocele

Answer 46

accumulation of fluid in the testes, specifically within the tunica vaginalis

Question 47

congenital indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 47

a persistent process vaginalis, so parts of SI herniate

Question 48

common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 48

congenital adrenal hyperplasis: excess androgens

Question 49

what is the condition where an individual has 46,XX genotype, internal female organs, and external masculine genitalia?

Answer 49

female pseudohermaphroditism

Question 50

male pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 50

stunted testicular and female-like external genitalia but no ovarian tissue; commonly caused by too little testosterone, MIF, and 5alpha reductase

Question 51

What condition is caused by defective AR gene?

Answer 51

Androgen insensitivity, or Testicular Feminization Syndrome

Question 52

what germ layer are kidneys developed form?

Answer 52

mesoderm

Question 53

what forms the nephron/filtration system?

Answer 53

the blastema (mesoderm)

Question 54

what forms the collecting ducts/drainage system?

Answer 54

ureteric bud

Question 55

How are the ureters formed, and how do 2 form?

Answer 55

- starting from ureteric bud | - can form 2 ureteric buds or one ureteric bud can split

Question 56

what is the urorectal septum?

Answer 56

mesodermal layer that separates the cloaca into the rectal/anal canal and the urogenital sinus

Question 57

allantois

Answer 57

entrance/exit axis for the umbilicus

Question 58

What forms the prostate gland?

Answer 58

UG sinus

Question 59

what forms the bladder, urethra, and lower vagina?

Answer 59

UG sinus

Question 60

What are the courses of the urethra in males?

Answer 60

prostatic part, membranous, penile, glanular

Question 61

when does the primordial germ cell migration begin?

Answer 61

week 6

Question 62

What do the primordial germ cells do when they arrive at the gonad?

Answer 62

- the female cells will undergo meiosis I | - male cells will stay dormant until puberty

Question 63

what is inside the urogenital ridge?

Answer 63

nephrogenic cord, which forms the excretory tubules for the kidneys