Anatomy Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Superficial erector spinae (4)
A
- run in 3 bands along the entire length of the vertebral column
- spinalis group lies closest to the midsagittal plane
- longissimus group lie lateral to the spinalis group
- iliocostalis group lie lateral to the longissimus group
2
Q
Spinalis group (2)
A
- 2 parts
- spinalis cervicis and spinalis thoracis
3
Q
Spinalis cervicis (2)
A
- links the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae and the spine of c7 to the spine of the axis
- this extends the neck
4
Q
Spinalis thoracis (3)
A
- originates from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spines
- inserts into the spines of the superior thoracic vertebrae
- extends vertebral column
5
Q
Longissimus group (4)
A
- 3 parts
- longissimus capitis
- longissimus cervicis
- longissimus thoracis
6
Q
Longissimus capitis (4)
A
- arises from the transverse processes of the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
- inserts into the mastoid process of the temporal bone
- when the 2 muscles on each side contract together longissimus capitus extends the neck but if only one muscle contracts the head is rotated to that side
7
Q
Longissimus cervicis (4)
A
- arises from the transverse processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae
- inserts into the transverse processes of the second to sixth cervical vertebrae
- extends vertebrae
- if only 1 muscle contracts it laterally flexes vertebral column
8
Q
Longissimus thoracis (4)
A
- arises from the supraspinous ligaments of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae
- inserts into transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae and the lower ribs
- extends vertebral column
- produces lateral flexion with one aide contracting
9
Q
Iliocostalis group(4)
A
- 3 parts
- iliocostalis cervicis
- iliocostalis thoracis
- iliocostalis lumborum
10
Q
Iliocostalis cervicis (3)
A
- arises from the upper borders of the third to sixth ribs
- inserts into the transverse processes of the fourth to sixth cervical vertebrae
- extends and laterally flexes the neck and also raises the ribs
11
Q
Iliocostalis thoracis (3)
A
- arises from the superior borders of the lower six ribs
- inserts into the upper ribs and transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra
- extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column and helps to stabilise the thoracic vertebrae during extension of the vertebral column
12
Q
Iliocostalis lumborum (3)
A
- arises from the iliac and sacral crests
- inserts into the lower six ribs
- depresses the ribs and extends vertebral column
13
Q
Superficial erector spinae supply (1)
A
-dorsal rami of cervical thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (depending on the level of the muscle)
14
Q
Deep erector spinae (6)
A
- several bands of muscle in this group
- semispinalis
- multifidus
- rotatores
- interspinales
- intertransversarii
15
Q
Semispinalis group (4)
A
- all arise from transverse processes
- semispinalis capitus, semispinalis cervicus, semispinalis thoracis
- extends vertebral column
- when one side is active lateral flexion can be produced (in the neck) or rotation (in the thoracic region)
16
Q
Semispinalis cervicis (1)
A
-inserts into the spinous processes of the middle cervical vertebrae
17
Q
Semispinalis capitis (1)
A
-inserts into the occipital bone
18
Q
Semispinalis thoracis (1)
A
-inserts into the spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
19
Q
Multifidus (3)
A
- arises from the sacrum and from the transverse processes of each vertebrae
- each part of the muscle inserts into the spinous processes 3 to 4 vertebrae above
- the action is the same as for semispinalis
20
Q
Semispinalis and multifidus supply (1)
A
-dorsal rami of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
21
Q
Rotatores (2)
A
- connect transverse processes to spinous processes
- extend vertebral column and cause lateral flexion or rotation
22
Q
Interspinales (2)
A
- connect spinous processes
- extend vertebral column
23
Q
Intertransversarii (2)
A
- connect transverse processes
- produce lateral flexion
24
Q
Rotatores, interspinales and intertransversarii supply (1)
A
-supplied by dorsal rami of cervical thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
25
Flexor muscles of the vertebral column (2)
- mainly produced by muscles that form the anterior wall of the trunk such as rectus abdominis
- few small muscles lying close to the anterior surface of the vertebral column that produce some flexion
26
Longus capitis (3)
- connects the cervical transverse processes with the base of the occipital bone
- produces flexion when both sides of the muscle contract together
- produces rotation to one side when only one side contracts
27
Longus colli (2)
- arises from the anterior surfaces of the cervical and upper thoracic vertebral bodies
- inserts into the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae
28
Longus capitis and longus colli supply (1)
-anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
29
Quadratus lumborum ( 5)
- arises from the iliac crest
- inserts into rib 12 and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
- when muscles on both sides contract together the ribs are depressed
- if muscles act independently they produce lateral flexion of the vertebral column
- supplied by the anterior rami of lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves
30
Main flexors of the vertebral column (4)
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- rectus abdominis
- these are abdominal muscles
31
External oblique (3)
- lies more superficially than internal oblique
- arises from the external surfaces of the lower ribs
- inserts into the linea alba and iliac crest
32
Internal oblique (2)
- arises from the iliac crest
| - inserts into the inferior ribs and xiphoid process
33
External and internal oblique (2)
- lie laterally to rectus abdominis
| - both compress abdomen depress the ribs and flex vertebral column
34
Rectus abdominis (4)
- lies anterior
- arises from superior surface of the pubis
- inserts into the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
- same action as the oblique muscles
35
Rectus abdominis and oblique muscles supply (1)
-nerves derived from the anterior rami of spinal nerves such as the intercostal nerves and iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
36
Extension of vertebral column (2)
- backward bending
| - the vertebrae rock backwards so the distance between their adjacent anterior borders is increased
37
Muscles that produce extension of vertebral column (8)
```
Erector spinae group
-spinalis
-longissimus
-iliocostalis
-iliocostalis
Deep muscles
-semispinalis
-multifidus
-rotatores
```
38
Flexion of the vertebral column (2)
- forward bending
| - anterior borders of the vertebrae come closer together
39
Muscles producing flexion of vertebral column (5)
- Longus capitis and colli
- quadratus lumborum
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- rectus abdominis
40
Lateral flexion of vertebral column (3)
- bending to the side
- generally occurs when one of a pair of muscles contracts
- so if the muscle to the right of the vertebral column contracts bending to that side occurs
41
Muscles that produce lateral flexion of the vertebral column (7)
- longus cervicis and thoracis
- iliocostalis cervicis and thoracis
- semispinalis
- multifidus
- rotatores
- intertransversarii
- quadratus lumborum
42
Scoliosis (1)
-lateral curvature of the spinal column, always abnormal
43
Structural scoliosis (1)
-section of the spine with fixed lateral curvature which does not correct on lateral bending and exhibits rotational deformity
44
Incidence of idiopathic scoliosis (2)
- 2% of population
| - rises to 20% in affected families
45
Presentation of idiopathic scoliosis (5)
- uneven shoulders
- prominent shoulder blade (convex) or breast (concave)
- uneven waist
- elevated hip
- leaning to one side
46
Bony deformity of ribs in scoliosis (
- spinous process deviates to concave side
- vertebral body distorted toward convex side
- lamina thinner and vertebral canal narrower on concave side
- rib pushed laterally and anteriorly on concave side
- rib pushed posteriorly thoracic cage narrowed on convex side
47
Vertebral wedging of spine (3)
Decreased height on concave side of
- vertebral body
- intervertebral disc
48
Scoliosis school screening (4)
- referrals to clinic 3-3.5%
- scoliosis confirmed 1%
- orthosis 0.4%
- surgery 0.04%
49
Classification of idiopathic scoliosis (3)
- infantile 0-3years
- juvenile 4-9years
- adolescent 10+ years
50
Infantile idiopathic scoliosis (8)
- left sided curves are commonly seen
- boys > girls (3:2)
- may resolve spontaneously with growth
- rare in USA
- observation is treatment of choice, with repeat evaluation every 4 to 6 months
- use of orthoses and surgery not commonly required
- rib vertebra angle difference (rvad) is significant
- rvad > 20 degrees poor prognosis
51
Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (7)
- onset 4-9years
- male:female ratio approx 1:1
- mostly right thoracic
- may rapidly progress especially in children over the age of five
- may require orthotic management
- surgery indicated if the curve cannot be controlled by orthotic means
- surgery in a skeletally immature spine brings its own problems
52
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis stats (3)
- 30% of all adolescents have rib hump/thoracic asymmetry
- 1.2% have curve >10 degrees
- 0.2% require treatment
53
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (10)
- onset 10+ years
- most common type
- mostly right sided
- equal frequency in boys and girls at low curve magnitudes
- girls have sig higher risk of progression. Female:male ratio approx 7:1
- highest risk for curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis occurs around puberty (growth spurt)
- pulmonary and cardiac function not impeded with lumbar curves
- significant changes of pulmonary function seen when curve exceeds 70degrees
- pulmonary problems exacerbated by deformity of rib cage
- pulmonary and cardiac function tests may be required preoperatively
54
King 1 (4)
- lumbar dominant (10%)
- s-shaped curve
- both thoracic and lumbar curves cross midline
- lumbar curve larger or more rigid
55
King 2(4)
- thoracic dominant (33%)
- s-shaped curve
- both thoracic and lumbar curves cross midline
- thoracic curve larger or more rigid
56
King 3(3)
- thoracic (33%)
- thoracic curve
- lumbar curve does not cross midline
57
King 4(4)
- long thoracic (10%)
- long thoracic curve
- l5 over sacrum
- l4 tilted into curve
58
King 5(4)
- double thoracic (10%)
- double thoracic curve
- t1 tilted into upper curve
- upper curve structural
59
Adolescent scoliosis (1)
Lateral spinal curvature that appears before the onset of puberty and before skeletal maturity
60
Adult scoliosis (1)
-scoliosis of any cause which is present after skeletal maturity
61
Ankylosing spondylitis (3)
- an inflammatory disease of the spine which gradually restricts spinal movement
- primarily occurs in young adults; they commonly have morning pain
- often called bamboo spine disease
62
Anteroposterior view (AP) view of spine (3)
- an xray in which patient faces toward the xray beam
- which passes from anterior to posterior through the pt
- and away from the xray film
63
Apex of scoliosis (1)
-the area of greatest curvature or displacement from the midline of the body
64
Apical vertebra (1)
-when referring to a scoliosis it is the vertebra with the greatest distance from the midline and has the most rotation
65
Block vertebra (2)
- the congenital fusion of 2 or more vertebrae
| - these vertebrae do not have normal growth potential
66
Body alignment (1)
-the alignment of the midpoint of the occiput over the sacrum
67
Cafe au lait spots (2)
- light brown irregular areas of skin pigmentation
| - if they are sufficient in number and have smooth margins they usually suggest neurofibromatosis
68
Cobb angle (5)
- a method of determinant the size of a curve
- on an xray the uppermost and lowermost verebrae are identified
- a perpendicular line is drawn from the upper edge of the uppermost veretbra and the lower end of the lowermost vertebra
- the angle formed at their intersection is the cob angle which measures the severity of the curve
- note: if the vertebral and plates are poorly visualised a line through the bottom or top of the pedicles can be used
69
Erector spinae (4)
- extend vertebral column
- lie posterior to the column
- deep to more superficial back muscles such as trapezius and latissimus dorsi
- divided into 2 layers: superficial and deep
70
Compensatory curve (1)
On spinal deformity, a secondary curve located above or below the structural curvature, which develops in order to maintain normal body alignment
71
Congenital scoliosis (2)
- scoliosis due to bony abnormalities of the spine present at birth
- these anomalies are classified as failure of vertebral formation and/or failure of segmentation
72
Decompensation (1)
-in scoliosis, this refers to loss of spinal balance when the thoracic cage is not centred over the pelvis
73
Double curve (1)
2 lateral curvatures (scoliosis) in the same spine
74
Double major curve (1)
-describes a scoliosis in which there are 2 structural curves which are usually of equal size
75
Double thoracic curve (1)
-a scoliosis with a structural upper thoracic curve as well as a larger more deforming lower thoracic curve and a relatively nonstructural lumbar curve
76
Gibbus (1)
-sharply angular kyphosis
77
Hyper (1)
-prefix indicating a higher than normal level
78
Hypo (1)
-prefix indicating a lower than normal level
79
Idiopathic (1)
-of unknown aetiology
80
Inclinometer (1)
An instrument used to measure the angle of thoracic (rib) or lumbar (flank) prominence, referred to as the angle of trunk rotation (ATR)
81
Infantile scoliosis (1)
-a curvature of the spine that develops before 3 years of age
82
Juvenile scoliosis (1)
Scoliosis developing between the ages of 3 and 10 years
83
Kyphoscoliosis (1)
-a structural scoliosis associated with increased kyphosis
84
Kyphosis (3)
- the normal forward curvature of the thoracic spine
- a posterior convex angulation of the spine as evaluated from the side
- contrast to lordosis
85
Lordosis (2)
- the normal mild anterior angulation (swayback) of the lumbar spine as evaluation from the side
- contrast to kyphosis
86
Lower end vertebrae (1)
-vertebra at the bottom of the curve that maximally inclined to the concavity
87
Lumbar curve (1)
-a spinal curvature whose apex is between the first and fourth lumbar vertebrae (also known as lumbar scoliosis)
88
Lumbosacral curve (1)
-a lateral curvature with its apex at the fifth lumbar vertebra or below (also known as lumbosacral scoliosis)
